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“Candidate” Query
“Candidate” Query

... query processing ...
Data Modeling and Database Design Using ERwin
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... actions (reads/writes of DB objects) of various transactions. The net effect is the same as serially executing the transactions one after the other. Each transaction must leave the database in a consistent state if the DB is consistent when the transaction begins. • DBMS will enforce some ICs, depen ...
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... returns each answer item only once. Chaudhuri and Vardi considered containment under bag semantics, which allows tuples to occur more than once in an answer and is the semantics implemented in SQL database systems [4]. Another line of research considers the effect of integrity constraints such as f ...
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Joe Celko`s Complete Guide to NoSQL

On Scaling Up Sensitive Data Auditing
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... to check for suspicious activity. In this way, we can limit the extent to which we need to go back in time. Alternately, we could maintain periodic backups, or use standard mechanisms such as change tracking [18] and database flashback [21] to reduce the cost of time-travel. On the other hand, in or ...
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SQL

SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/, or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and a data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, ""A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."" Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language.SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, though, most SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
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