Optimal drug treatment regimens for HIV depend on adherence
... Drug therapies aimed at suppressing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly effective, often reducing the viral load to below the limits of detection for years. Adherence to such antiviral regimens, however, is typically far from ideal. We have previously developed a model that predicts op ...
... Drug therapies aimed at suppressing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly effective, often reducing the viral load to below the limits of detection for years. Adherence to such antiviral regimens, however, is typically far from ideal. We have previously developed a model that predicts op ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... these two mechanisms. Analysis of within-breeding-season variation in eastern North America showed that parasite prevalence increased from early to late in the breeding season, consistent with the hypothesis of migratory escape. Prevalence was also positively related to monarch breeding activity, as ...
... these two mechanisms. Analysis of within-breeding-season variation in eastern North America showed that parasite prevalence increased from early to late in the breeding season, consistent with the hypothesis of migratory escape. Prevalence was also positively related to monarch breeding activity, as ...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System: Challenges and Approaches
... eye. The bioavailability of the active drug substance is often the major hurdle to overcome. Conventional ocular dosage form, including eye drops, are no longer sufficient to combat ocular diseases. This article reviews the constraints with conventional ocular therapy, essential factors in ocular ph ...
... eye. The bioavailability of the active drug substance is often the major hurdle to overcome. Conventional ocular dosage form, including eye drops, are no longer sufficient to combat ocular diseases. This article reviews the constraints with conventional ocular therapy, essential factors in ocular ph ...
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, the nosocomial
... The isolated strains of E. faecalis showed 33.3 % and 37.2% resistant to Penicillin G and kanamycin, respectively. However, E. faecium resistance ranged from 52.4 to 100% to various antimicrobials. Vancomycin re-resistance in E. feacium was not seen whereas, E. faecalis accounted up to 3.9%. MIC of ...
... The isolated strains of E. faecalis showed 33.3 % and 37.2% resistant to Penicillin G and kanamycin, respectively. However, E. faecium resistance ranged from 52.4 to 100% to various antimicrobials. Vancomycin re-resistance in E. feacium was not seen whereas, E. faecalis accounted up to 3.9%. MIC of ...
... with protective antibodies of certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. This thesis addressed the importance of antibodies in relation to malaria infection and their effective interactions with Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) polymorphisms in individuals residing where malaria is endemic. Our d ...
Tropical Infection Diseases
... • Patients allergic to sulfa drugs may take Clindamycin, Atovaquone, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin or Dapsone • Leucovorin (Folinic acid) may be given with Pyrimethamine if blood counts are lowered GSH - Tropmed - 2010 ...
... • Patients allergic to sulfa drugs may take Clindamycin, Atovaquone, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin or Dapsone • Leucovorin (Folinic acid) may be given with Pyrimethamine if blood counts are lowered GSH - Tropmed - 2010 ...
1 AMR - The global problem requiring global
... Kathy Andrews1 1. Griffith University, Herston, QLD, Australia The World Health Organization estimates there were ~214 million clinical cases and 438,000 deaths due to malaria in 2015. While this represents a decline in morbidity and mortality over the past decade, all currently used antimalarial dr ...
... Kathy Andrews1 1. Griffith University, Herston, QLD, Australia The World Health Organization estimates there were ~214 million clinical cases and 438,000 deaths due to malaria in 2015. While this represents a decline in morbidity and mortality over the past decade, all currently used antimalarial dr ...
8 - WHO archives - World Health Organization
... According to its Business Plan for 2003-2007, MMV employs a threecomponent integrated strategy to achieve its mission: 1. Focuses predominantly on drug discovery and development through portfolio management; 2. Interfaces with global health actors on up and downstream activities to achieve health im ...
... According to its Business Plan for 2003-2007, MMV employs a threecomponent integrated strategy to achieve its mission: 1. Focuses predominantly on drug discovery and development through portfolio management; 2. Interfaces with global health actors on up and downstream activities to achieve health im ...
A Model for Estimating Total Parasite Load in Falciparum Malaria
... sequestration. At the half-way point of parasite development, the infected erythrocyte leaves the circulating blood and binds to endothelium in the microvasculature where the cycle is completed. Daughter parasites released at erythrocyte rupture re-enter the circulation and invade a fresh erythrocyt ...
... sequestration. At the half-way point of parasite development, the infected erythrocyte leaves the circulating blood and binds to endothelium in the microvasculature where the cycle is completed. Daughter parasites released at erythrocyte rupture re-enter the circulation and invade a fresh erythrocyt ...
Vaccinia Virus — Developing Drugs to Mitigate Complications from Smallpox
... cytotoxicity, drug activity in combination with other drugs, and drug resistance. A clinical pharmacology section discusses analyses the sponsor should perform to elucidate an understanding of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including data that should be obtained from special populations ...
... cytotoxicity, drug activity in combination with other drugs, and drug resistance. A clinical pharmacology section discusses analyses the sponsor should perform to elucidate an understanding of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including data that should be obtained from special populations ...
Delivery Mechanisms - WHO archives
... Fixed dose combination drugs can be defined as two or more drugs in a single formulation, each drug having independent modes of action, or the combination of which are synergistic or additive or complementary in their effect. “Free” combinations can be defined as two or more drugs in separate formul ...
... Fixed dose combination drugs can be defined as two or more drugs in a single formulation, each drug having independent modes of action, or the combination of which are synergistic or additive or complementary in their effect. “Free” combinations can be defined as two or more drugs in separate formul ...
Fever of unknown origin in returning travellers
... a severe illness. In the study of Bottieu et al. [8], only 33% of Western travellers took malaria chemoprophylaxis before travelling and that percentage was even lower among expatriates (10%) and VFR travellers (19%). In another study, which seems important, a danger to be diagnosed with a vaccine-p ...
... a severe illness. In the study of Bottieu et al. [8], only 33% of Western travellers took malaria chemoprophylaxis before travelling and that percentage was even lower among expatriates (10%) and VFR travellers (19%). In another study, which seems important, a danger to be diagnosed with a vaccine-p ...
manual
... under insecticide treated mosquito nets. Such nets create a physical barrier which prevents human to mosquito contact. They also repel and kill mosquitoes. There is clear evidence that ITNs reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Other measures such as screening of houses, insect repellents m ...
... under insecticide treated mosquito nets. Such nets create a physical barrier which prevents human to mosquito contact. They also repel and kill mosquitoes. There is clear evidence that ITNs reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Other measures such as screening of houses, insect repellents m ...
15 Design and Data Analysis of Drug Interaction Studies
... There is considerable interest in replicate crossover designs for bioequivalence studies in which the test and reference treatments are administered each on two separate occasions. This allows for assessment of intraindividual variability in systemic exposure and estimation of carryover effects. The ...
... There is considerable interest in replicate crossover designs for bioequivalence studies in which the test and reference treatments are administered each on two separate occasions. This allows for assessment of intraindividual variability in systemic exposure and estimation of carryover effects. The ...
PDF
... 2010). Both were introduced in the early 20th century, with pentamidine discovered in 1937 and suramin in 1916 (Delespaux and de Koning, 2007; Steverding, 2008). For patients with second-stage disease, melarsoprol has been widely used as the first line drug for decades, despite the fact that the drug ...
... 2010). Both were introduced in the early 20th century, with pentamidine discovered in 1937 and suramin in 1916 (Delespaux and de Koning, 2007; Steverding, 2008). For patients with second-stage disease, melarsoprol has been widely used as the first line drug for decades, despite the fact that the drug ...
Curriculum Vitae - North
... Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (ICPPS), NorthWest University, Potchefstroom South Africa (23-26 September 2009). Title: An in vitro evaluation of triclosan in combination with Pheroid technology for antimalarial treatment Lissinda du Plessis, Dewald Steyn, Awie Kotze. Poster presented a ...
... Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (ICPPS), NorthWest University, Potchefstroom South Africa (23-26 September 2009). Title: An in vitro evaluation of triclosan in combination with Pheroid technology for antimalarial treatment Lissinda du Plessis, Dewald Steyn, Awie Kotze. Poster presented a ...
... C. albicans is, as yet, not amenable to conventional genetic analysis. Although C. albicans cells rendered homo- or hemizygous for mating-type-like genes are able to mate, meiosis has not been observed (50, 74). This disadvantage can be overcome with complementary studies using S. cerevisiae as a ge ...
Non-malaria febrile illness - a cross-sectional, observational study in
... distinguish clinically. Although by the distribution of rapid diagnostic tests, parasite-based malaria diagnosis has become more feasible at peripheral health services, presumptive treatment of acute febrile illness with anti-malarial drugs continues to be a widespread practice. Malaria-negative fev ...
... distinguish clinically. Although by the distribution of rapid diagnostic tests, parasite-based malaria diagnosis has become more feasible at peripheral health services, presumptive treatment of acute febrile illness with anti-malarial drugs continues to be a widespread practice. Malaria-negative fev ...
Declining trend in transmission of drug-resistant HIV
... based on the IAS–USA resistance table. Results: A total of 100 primary HIV-1 infections were identified (32 AMC and 68 ACS). Transmission of drug-resistant strains decreased over calendar time, with 20% [95% confidence interval (CI), 10–34%] of infections bearing drug-resistant mutations before 1998 ...
... based on the IAS–USA resistance table. Results: A total of 100 primary HIV-1 infections were identified (32 AMC and 68 ACS). Transmission of drug-resistant strains decreased over calendar time, with 20% [95% confidence interval (CI), 10–34%] of infections bearing drug-resistant mutations before 1998 ...
Global Stability for the Disease Free Equilibrium of a Delayed Model
... Global stability for the equilibria of a biomathematical model is often discussed in the literature [8]. Usually for mathematical models about infectious diseases, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the reproduction number is less than 1, and the endemic equilibrium ...
... Global stability for the equilibria of a biomathematical model is often discussed in the literature [8]. Usually for mathematical models about infectious diseases, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the reproduction number is less than 1, and the endemic equilibrium ...
Definitions of Transmission Based Precautions
... Examples of ways in which direct contact transmission can occur include: blood or other body fluids from an infected individual directly enter another individual’s body through contact with a mucous membrane or via cuts and abrasions to the skin; and scabies mites transmitted from an infected indivi ...
... Examples of ways in which direct contact transmission can occur include: blood or other body fluids from an infected individual directly enter another individual’s body through contact with a mucous membrane or via cuts and abrasions to the skin; and scabies mites transmitted from an infected indivi ...
Protocol S1.
... been used safely in large doses for over 40 years as a diagnostic test of pituitary function. It has also been used in patients with sepsis, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, sickle-cell vaso-occlusive crisis with improvement in NO production, vascular function and their clinical ...
... been used safely in large doses for over 40 years as a diagnostic test of pituitary function. It has also been used in patients with sepsis, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, sickle-cell vaso-occlusive crisis with improvement in NO production, vascular function and their clinical ...
Multi-resistant Infections: A Global Concern
... resulting from Clostridium difficile infections. The report estimates that at a minimum, 250,000 illnesses and 14,000 deaths from C difficile are directly related to antibiotic use and resistance ...
... resulting from Clostridium difficile infections. The report estimates that at a minimum, 250,000 illnesses and 14,000 deaths from C difficile are directly related to antibiotic use and resistance ...
Mass drug administration
The administration of drugs to whole populations irrespective of disease status is referred to as mass drug administration (MDA). This article describes the administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations an intervention which has been used as a malaria-control measure for more than 70 years. Recent proposals to eliminate or even to eradicate malaria have led to a renewed interest in mass drug administrations in areas with very high malaria endemicity. Drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of salt. Mass drug administrations were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. MDAs are likely to encourage the spread of drug-resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. They may have a part to play in the management of epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a very short transmission season. In order to reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, MDAs should use more than one drug and, preferably include a drug, such as an artemisinin, which has an effect on gametocytes. MDAs have low acceptance in areas with low malaria endemicity.Another example of mass drug administration is mass deworming of children to remove helminth infections (intestinal worms).