millions of years ago
... in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago) • The Cambrian explosion provides the first evidence of predator-prey interactions ...
... in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago) • The Cambrian explosion provides the first evidence of predator-prey interactions ...
Metasedimentary rocks, associated intrusions and tec
... dolerite dykes believed to be of Permian age, and have clearly a long and complex evolutionary history. Geological field data, published and unpublished, have recently been assembled by the author in map compilations at scales of 1:250,000 (Arendal bedrock map) and 1:50,000 (Tvedestrand 1612.1, Risø ...
... dolerite dykes believed to be of Permian age, and have clearly a long and complex evolutionary history. Geological field data, published and unpublished, have recently been assembled by the author in map compilations at scales of 1:250,000 (Arendal bedrock map) and 1:50,000 (Tvedestrand 1612.1, Risø ...
Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen:
... show a Sr–Nd isotopic signature similar to that of the chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR), and parallel Sm–Nd model ages (TCHUR) of 190–300 Ma. However, the rocks have extremely variable Pb isotopic values straddling between the HIMU and EM1 mantle end-members. Most carbon and oxygen isotopic compo ...
... show a Sr–Nd isotopic signature similar to that of the chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR), and parallel Sm–Nd model ages (TCHUR) of 190–300 Ma. However, the rocks have extremely variable Pb isotopic values straddling between the HIMU and EM1 mantle end-members. Most carbon and oxygen isotopic compo ...
Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new
... changes in stress in rocks, changes in water levels in wells, changes in ground levels, magnetism and animal behaviour describe and explain the social consequences of attempted earthquake ...
... changes in stress in rocks, changes in water levels in wells, changes in ground levels, magnetism and animal behaviour describe and explain the social consequences of attempted earthquake ...
Chapter 9
... – accretion took place along Laurentia's southern margin – as it collided with volcanic island arcs and oceanic terranes ...
... – accretion took place along Laurentia's southern margin – as it collided with volcanic island arcs and oceanic terranes ...
Petrologic and thermal constraints on the origin of leucogranites in
... become sufficiently hot to cause water-absent melting of pelites without additional heat input from the mantle or crustal processes, such as shear-heating or accretion of rocks with high concentrations of radioactive isotopes (e.g. Royden 1993; Thompson & Connolly 1995). Much of the discussion conce ...
... become sufficiently hot to cause water-absent melting of pelites without additional heat input from the mantle or crustal processes, such as shear-heating or accretion of rocks with high concentrations of radioactive isotopes (e.g. Royden 1993; Thompson & Connolly 1995). Much of the discussion conce ...
DOWNLOAD A5 40 pages
... (like icebergs); these float, not on liquid, but on an almost solid layer of rock called the Mantle. The crust is divided into large plates, which move very slowly (2 to 10 cms a year), colliding and dividing. Oceanic crust is regularly destroyed by being swallowed down into the mantle below in one ...
... (like icebergs); these float, not on liquid, but on an almost solid layer of rock called the Mantle. The crust is divided into large plates, which move very slowly (2 to 10 cms a year), colliding and dividing. Oceanic crust is regularly destroyed by being swallowed down into the mantle below in one ...
The North Palawan Block, Philippines
... oceanic crust. This Mid-Cenozoic age is broadly in agreement with that determined from heat flow measurements (Watanabe et al., 1977). The traces of the magnetic anomalies are shown on Figure 2 and are seen to trend approximately east-west. They are also symmetrically distributed on either side of a ...
... oceanic crust. This Mid-Cenozoic age is broadly in agreement with that determined from heat flow measurements (Watanabe et al., 1977). The traces of the magnetic anomalies are shown on Figure 2 and are seen to trend approximately east-west. They are also symmetrically distributed on either side of a ...
rare earth - Technology Metals Research
... REE (Christie et al. 1998). Bastnaesite and monazite are sources of light REE and account for 95% of REE currently used (Harben & Kuzvart 1996). Xenotime is a source of the heavier REE and yttrium. Monazite is also the principal ore of thorium, containing up to 30% thorium. Together with small amoun ...
... REE (Christie et al. 1998). Bastnaesite and monazite are sources of light REE and account for 95% of REE currently used (Harben & Kuzvart 1996). Xenotime is a source of the heavier REE and yttrium. Monazite is also the principal ore of thorium, containing up to 30% thorium. Together with small amoun ...
Antigorite Peridotite, Metaserpentinite, and other
... insights into mantle serpentinization, slab^wedge interactions during low-angle subduction and mantle evolution. The NVF is located in the interior of the Colorado Plateau, which is a relatively stable block of continental lithosphere (Fig. 1). Laramide-related deformation began in the plateau inter ...
... insights into mantle serpentinization, slab^wedge interactions during low-angle subduction and mantle evolution. The NVF is located in the interior of the Colorado Plateau, which is a relatively stable block of continental lithosphere (Fig. 1). Laramide-related deformation began in the plateau inter ...
Lecture 10 – Faults and Earthquakes Causes of Earthquakes
... Inevitably at some point they must break or crack to produce FAULTS!! [Note – some rocks break much more easily than others] ...
... Inevitably at some point they must break or crack to produce FAULTS!! [Note – some rocks break much more easily than others] ...
Foundation RESTLESS EARTH v2014
... B Oceanic crust sinks below continental crust. C Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. D Plates are moving apart. E Friction and heat melt rock. ...
... B Oceanic crust sinks below continental crust. C Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. D Plates are moving apart. E Friction and heat melt rock. ...
The Critical Zone What is a caldera? The Valles Caldera
... right) you see are debris fans made of sediment that has flowed down from burned ridges during rain events due to the lack of vegetation. A study found that erosion in the aftermath of fire is responsible for at least 90% of denudation (long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of Earth ...
... right) you see are debris fans made of sediment that has flowed down from burned ridges during rain events due to the lack of vegetation. A study found that erosion in the aftermath of fire is responsible for at least 90% of denudation (long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of Earth ...
Pyrenean orogeny and plate kinematics
... basin) but also in southern France (Mauléon and Parentis basins) and northern Spain (Iberian, Catalan, and BasqueCantabrian basins) were formed in an extensional setting during late Jurassic – early Cretaceous [Beràstegui et al., 1990; Martı́n-Chivelet et al., 2002; Vergés and Garcı́a-Senz, 2001] ...
... basin) but also in southern France (Mauléon and Parentis basins) and northern Spain (Iberian, Catalan, and BasqueCantabrian basins) were formed in an extensional setting during late Jurassic – early Cretaceous [Beràstegui et al., 1990; Martı́n-Chivelet et al., 2002; Vergés and Garcı́a-Senz, 2001] ...
GEOL3025, Section 096 Lecture #7 30 August 2007
... Rock from which the metamorphic rock was formed ...
... Rock from which the metamorphic rock was formed ...
Update and economic significance of geological mapping in the
... of zircons from a sample of relatively coarse plagioclasephyric tuff indicate that emplacement most likely occurred between ca. 2883 and 2898 Ma (Anderson, unpublished data, 2003). Geochemically, these rocks exhibit an affinity to modern calcalkaline continental-arc volcanism. Iron formation (unit 3) ...
... of zircons from a sample of relatively coarse plagioclasephyric tuff indicate that emplacement most likely occurred between ca. 2883 and 2898 Ma (Anderson, unpublished data, 2003). Geochemically, these rocks exhibit an affinity to modern calcalkaline continental-arc volcanism. Iron formation (unit 3) ...
Colon fold belt of Honduras - California State University Stanislaus
... has not been overprinted by tectonic events affecting either the North American–Caribbean strike-slip boundary in the Honduran borderlands (Rogers and Mann, this volume) or by tectonic events associated with the subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate beneath the Caribbean plate (Rogers et al., 2002; ...
... has not been overprinted by tectonic events affecting either the North American–Caribbean strike-slip boundary in the Honduran borderlands (Rogers and Mann, this volume) or by tectonic events associated with the subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate beneath the Caribbean plate (Rogers et al., 2002; ...
Consisting of the Orange 7.5-Minute Quadrangle
... and amphibolites, interpreted to be a highly deformed and metamorphosed intrusive igneous complex. The petrology, geochemistry, and setting of these rocks is discussed in detail by Hollocher et al., 2002, and their setting is also discussed by Robinson et al., 1998. In some parts, the complex is hom ...
... and amphibolites, interpreted to be a highly deformed and metamorphosed intrusive igneous complex. The petrology, geochemistry, and setting of these rocks is discussed in detail by Hollocher et al., 2002, and their setting is also discussed by Robinson et al., 1998. In some parts, the complex is hom ...
Chapter 5: Mineral Resources of the Southwestern US
... A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a well-developed crystalline structure. Minerals provide the foundation of our everyday world. Not only do they make up the rocks we see around us in the Southwest, they are also used in nearly every aspect o ...
... A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a well-developed crystalline structure. Minerals provide the foundation of our everyday world. Not only do they make up the rocks we see around us in the Southwest, they are also used in nearly every aspect o ...
Morphology and magnetic survey of the Rivera
... to the present day Galapogos triple junction (Lonsdale, 1988). The divergence between the Rivera and Cocos plates is proposed by Bandy (1992) to be the result of the ridge-trench collision off the southern tip of Baja California at about 8 Ma (Lonsdale, 1991) and subsequent pivoting of the Rivera pl ...
... to the present day Galapogos triple junction (Lonsdale, 1988). The divergence between the Rivera and Cocos plates is proposed by Bandy (1992) to be the result of the ridge-trench collision off the southern tip of Baja California at about 8 Ma (Lonsdale, 1991) and subsequent pivoting of the Rivera pl ...
Chapter 22
... – Divergent – located along mid-ocean ridges where the two plates are moving apart – Convergent – zones along which two plates are driven together, one plate is consumed – Transform – boundaries along which two plates slide horizontally past one another ...
... – Divergent – located along mid-ocean ridges where the two plates are moving apart – Convergent – zones along which two plates are driven together, one plate is consumed – Transform – boundaries along which two plates slide horizontally past one another ...
Directed Reading
... ______ 47. divergent plate boundaries ______ 48. continental plate boundaries ...
... ______ 47. divergent plate boundaries ______ 48. continental plate boundaries ...
Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including liquid rock (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include large volcanic provinces (LVP), created through flood basalt and large plutonic provinces (LPP). Eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years, creating volcanic provinces, which coincided with mass extinctions in prehistoric times. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the preexisting climate state, and the biota resilience to change.