marvin minsky - Division of Social Sciences
... the Theory of Frames offered not only a fresh way to consider human thinking, but also had high impact on Artificial Intelligence as an emerging engineering discipline: the popular expert-system shells developed during the following decade all offered tools for developing, manipulating, and displayi ...
... the Theory of Frames offered not only a fresh way to consider human thinking, but also had high impact on Artificial Intelligence as an emerging engineering discipline: the popular expert-system shells developed during the following decade all offered tools for developing, manipulating, and displayi ...
Modern Applications of Psychology
... intelligence needed to do well on different tests, although he acknowledged that other factors might be involved. His findings suggested intelligence is a general ability, that people who are competent in one kind of problem tend ...
... intelligence needed to do well on different tests, although he acknowledged that other factors might be involved. His findings suggested intelligence is a general ability, that people who are competent in one kind of problem tend ...
collective intelligence
... 2.2. From division of labour to collective intelligence The openness and inclusiveness to a lay community of contributors, makes the Missing Maps project an excellent case to discuss the specificity of collective intelligence. The project shows that single agents with minimal topical expertise can g ...
... 2.2. From division of labour to collective intelligence The openness and inclusiveness to a lay community of contributors, makes the Missing Maps project an excellent case to discuss the specificity of collective intelligence. The project shows that single agents with minimal topical expertise can g ...
Chapter 10 Answers to Before You Go On Questions Identify and
... effect. One possibility is that there is something wrong with the basic procedures, content, or nature of standardized intelligence tests. A more widely embraced explanation holds that intelligence is changeable and that, on average, people today exhibit higher intelligence than people in the past. ...
... effect. One possibility is that there is something wrong with the basic procedures, content, or nature of standardized intelligence tests. A more widely embraced explanation holds that intelligence is changeable and that, on average, people today exhibit higher intelligence than people in the past. ...
Intelligence Definition, Characteristics and Cultural
... individuals to devise categories and to engage in rational debate • People in Eastern cultures see it as a way for members of a community to recognize contradiction and complexity and to play their social roles ...
... individuals to devise categories and to engage in rational debate • People in Eastern cultures see it as a way for members of a community to recognize contradiction and complexity and to play their social roles ...
Notes - World Academy of Art and Science
... As a formal practitioner in international security, I am biased towards the demand side: mainly interested in how we apply what we explore to what we face. Thus, I am absorbed by applications, more precisely “real-world” applications for international security mitigation and optimization. A precurso ...
... As a formal practitioner in international security, I am biased towards the demand side: mainly interested in how we apply what we explore to what we face. Thus, I am absorbed by applications, more precisely “real-world” applications for international security mitigation and optimization. A precurso ...
Intelligence
... • Ability to adapt, to shape and to select an environments. • Higher form of organisation of cognive processes. • General mental capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements of environment. ...
... • Ability to adapt, to shape and to select an environments. • Higher form of organisation of cognive processes. • General mental capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements of environment. ...
The Evolution of intelligence
... Unpredictability is key! Unpredictability is the core concept for an understanding of why intelligence evolved. The more unpredictable the environment, the greater the selective pressure will be for the adaptability provided by intelligence. Intelligence is best viewed as an adaptation based on ...
... Unpredictability is key! Unpredictability is the core concept for an understanding of why intelligence evolved. The more unpredictable the environment, the greater the selective pressure will be for the adaptability provided by intelligence. Intelligence is best viewed as an adaptation based on ...
Collective intelligence
Collective intelligence is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone. Or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as Symbiotic intelligence by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, ""It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities."" According to researchers Lévy and Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).