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Quantum phase transition - Condensed Matter Theory and Quantum
Quantum phase transition - Condensed Matter Theory and Quantum

... Three critical exponents can be defined this way: α=Λ(C,t), β=Λ(m,t) and γ=Λ(χ,t), where C is the heat capacity, m is the magnetization and χ is the magnetic susceptibility. ...
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無投影片標題 - 2009 Asian Science Camp/Japan
無投影片標題 - 2009 Asian Science Camp/Japan

... Schematic diagram illustrating the difference between usual symmetry and gauge symmetry. The horizontal arrows represent symmetry transformations which relate the solutions (sol. in the diagram). For the left column, these solutions represent different physical states. For the right column, they rep ...
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Phenomenological study of scalar and pseudo

... Discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC in 2012 However the SM ignore many physical observed phenomena The gravitational interaction Matter-antimatter asymmetry No dark matter Neutrinos mass And suffer from theoretical problem in the Higgs sector Introduce an ad hoc potential in the theory The fine- ...
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... the ‘strange’ particles, the overthrow of parity, the introduction of SU(3) and quarks, the parton model and on to gauge theories. He does an excellent job in discussing the standard model of particle physics, going into concepts like spontaneous symmetry breaking and non-abelian gauge theories with ...
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Operator Analysis for the Higgs Potential and Cosmological Bound

... to the calculation of sphaleron rate [F.3]. So the effect of high dimensional operators is to modify the coefficient A(λ/g 2 ) in eq.(4), but the effect is generally suppressed by powers of Λ. (b’). Corrections to the effective potential: The effect of new physics is to add some high dimensional ope ...
The Family Problem: Extension of Standard Model with a
The Family Problem: Extension of Standard Model with a

... invented the Dirac equation for that. It turned out to be the first “point-like particle”. In it, the orbital angular momentum term is treated equivalently with a 4x4 sigma matrix: J = r x p + sigma hbar / 2  Now let’s look at the Standard Model. It’s a world of point-like Dirac particles, with int ...
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Higgs mechanism

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property ""mass"" for gauge bosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, or some other effect like it, all bosons (a type of fundamental particle) would be massless, but measurements show that the W+, W−, and Z bosons actually have relatively large masses of around 80 GeV/c2. The Higgs field resolves this conundrum. The simplest description of the mechanism adds a quantum field (the Higgs field) that permeates all space, to the Standard Model. Below some extremely high temperature, the field causes spontaneous symmetry breaking during interactions. The breaking of symmetry triggers the Higgs mechanism, causing the bosons it interacts with to have mass. In the Standard Model, the phrase ""Higgs mechanism"" refers specifically to the generation of masses for the W±, and Z weak gauge bosons through electroweak symmetry breaking. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced results consistent with the Higgs particle on March 14, 2013, making it extremely likely that the field, or one like it, exists, and explaining how the Higgs mechanism takes place in nature.The mechanism was proposed in 1962 by Philip Warren Anderson, following work in the late 1950s on symmetry breaking in superconductivity and a 1960 paper by Yoichiro Nambu that discussed its application within particle physics. A theory able to finally explain mass generation without ""breaking"" gauge theory was published almost simultaneously by three independent groups in 1964: by Robert Brout and François Englert; by Peter Higgs; and by Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble. The Higgs mechanism is therefore also called the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism or Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism, Anderson–Higgs mechanism, Anderson–Higgs-Kibble mechanism, Higgs–Kibble mechanism by Abdus Salam and ABEGHHK'tH mechanism [for Anderson, Brout, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen, Higgs, Kibble and 't Hooft] by Peter Higgs.On October 8, 2013, following the discovery at CERN's Large Hadron Collider of a new particle that appeared to be the long-sought Higgs boson predicted by the theory, it was announced that Peter Higgs and François Englert had been awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics (Englert's co-author Robert Brout had died in 2011 and the Nobel Prize is not usually awarded posthumously).
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