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Physiology and Molecular Characterization of Microbial
Physiology and Molecular Characterization of Microbial

... In northern Alberta, mining operations to obtain bitumen from the oil sands generates large volumes of tailings. These are a mixture of sand, clay, water, organic solvents and residual bitumen that are deposited into old open pits, creating tailings ponds, where they are allowed to settle with the f ...
CONSTRUCTING SCARCITY: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF
CONSTRUCTING SCARCITY: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF

... walk tall with pride and get on with their jobs, rather than skulk around with a guilty conscience at befouling our environment (p. xv). (It’s  perhaps  worth  noting  here  that  in  1994  Simon  also  wrote,  “My  guess  is  that  global   warming will simply be another transient concern, barely ...
How Heat Can Enhance In-Situ Soil and Aquifer - CLU-IN
How Heat Can Enhance In-Situ Soil and Aquifer - CLU-IN

... Table 1 lists some of the relevant physical properties of volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals that have been, or have the potential to be, recovered using in-situ thermal techniques. Many of these are commonly found at Superfund sites and other sites where ground-water contamination has occu ...
Appendix 3 Overview of Oil Refining Process
Appendix 3 Overview of Oil Refining Process

... Crude oil is found deep beneath the earth's surface in natural underground reservoirs. Crude oil is believed to have been formed from a mixture of mud and very small plants and animals (algae and zooplankton) that lived in ancient seas and oceans millions of years ago. Crude oil was created from thi ...
29-3_tarr
29-3_tarr

... covering or smothering as opposed to toxic interactions. However, if emulsified oil is ingested (e.g.,  through preening of feathers), it can have significant toxicity. Heavily emulsified oil residues are slower to degrade so they remain in the environment longer than non-emulsified liquid oil. Figu ...
Reliability and Improvements of Water Titration by the Karl Fischer
Reliability and Improvements of Water Titration by the Karl Fischer

... Fig. 8 shows the reagent Coulomat AG in comparison to Coulomat AK, which is not sensitive to ketones. The results scatter, but the reagent AG systematically measures 10 % more water compared to AK, which might be explained by side reactions with ketones. Still one has to consider that 10 % are a min ...
hydrocarbon exploitation, environmental degradation and poverty
hydrocarbon exploitation, environmental degradation and poverty

... Nigeria like most other less developed countries in the early part of the 70's, were engaged in intensive natural resource exploitation as a way of stimulating economic growth. It was projected by several multilateral funding organisations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)and the World B ...
Gaseous fuel
Gaseous fuel

... In this method, generally kerosene oil or gas oil is first vapourised & then cracked at high temperature (600-6500C). Heavy oil cannot be cracked by this method. Only the oils which can be vapourised, are cracked. e.g. kerosene oil. It requires lesser time than liquid phase cracking. The octane rati ...
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis

... Reaction temperature (the dolomite guard bed was kept always at 800°C). Weight hourly space velocity based on the weight of the Ni-catalyst, not including the weight of the cordierite support (the values in parenthesis are the WHSV for the dolomite guard bed). c Steam to carbon molar ratio of the fe ...
Oil Factfile - Centre for Alternative Technology
Oil Factfile - Centre for Alternative Technology

... Figures of about $125 per barrel (5p per kWh) are given by several projections, but prices up to $200 per barrel (8p per kWh) are possible [11]. If carbon taxes are increased in future this will also make oil far more expensive to use. ...
Oil Supply Factsheet
Oil Supply Factsheet

The World`s Largest Oil Spill
The World`s Largest Oil Spill

... The Prophets of Doomii The effect that the oil fires had on the Gulf environment was enormous. Even before the wells began burning, the catastrophists warned that rising smoke may cause changes in the Earth's weather patterns (Zimmer, 1992). Shortly after the first oil wells began to burn, Carl Sag ...
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management in Alberta`s Oil Sands
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management in Alberta`s Oil Sands

... The Canadian oil sands are located in the Boreal Forest, mostly within the province of Alberta. Approximately half of Canada is covered by the Boreal Forest, an area more than 5.7 million km2. Extending over almost half of Alberta, the Boreal Forest encompasses about 317,000 km2. The oil sands reser ...
Oil Spill Devastation in Africa
Oil Spill Devastation in Africa

... rig. Since then, between 35,000 and 60,000 gallons of crude oil have been streaming into the Gulf of Mexico on a daily basis, causing a public outrage. Although it is an environmental catastrophe, perhaps the Gulf spill can bring to light other similar disasters, which have been occurring in parts o ...
Coal Fires - Andrew.cmu.edu
Coal Fires - Andrew.cmu.edu

... of deep, subsurface prokaryotes (q.v.). More than half of the planet’s oil is biodegraded heavy oil or tar sand deposits. The largest accumulation is not under the Arabian Peninsula but in a Venezuelan belt (nearly 200 billion cubic meters) and the second largest deposit is in western Canada at abou ...
Key Ideas Marine Pollution
Key Ideas Marine Pollution

... Oil Pollution What is the difference between a crude oil spill and a refined oil spill? Crude oil spills are usually larger in volume, and occur more frequently than spills of refined oil. Refined oil spills can be more disruptive for longer periods of time. Components added to oil in the refining p ...
1

Steam-assisted gravity drainage

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD; ""Sag-D"") is an enhanced oil recovery technology for producing heavy crude oil and bitumen. It is an advanced form of steam stimulation in which a pair of horizontal wells is drilled into the oil reservoir, one a few metres above the other. High pressure steam is continuously injected into the upper wellbore to heat the oil and reduce its viscosity, causing the heated oil to drain into the lower wellbore, where it is pumped out. Dr. Roger Butler, engineer at Imperial Oil from 1955 to 1982, invented the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) in the 1970s. Butler ""developed the concept of using horizontal pairs of wells and injected steam to develop certain deposits of bitumen considered too deep for mining."" In 1983 Butler became director of technical programs for the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA), a crown corporation created by Premier Lougheed to promote new technologies for oil sands and heavy crude oil production. AOSTRA quickly supported SAGD as a promising innovation in oil sands extraction technology.Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) are two commercially applied primal thermal recovery processes used in the oil sands in Geological formation sub-units, such as Grand Rapids Formation, Clearwater Formation, McMurray Formation, General Petroleum Sand, Lloydminster Sand, of the Mannville Group, a Stratigraphic range in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.Canada is now the single largest supplier of imported oil to the United States, supplying over 35% of US imports, much more than Saudi Arabia or Venezuela, and more than all the OPEC countries combined. Most of the new production comes from Alberta's vast oil sands deposits. There are two primary methods of oil sands recovery. The strip-mining technique is more familiar to the general public, but can only be used for shallow bitumen deposits. However, the more recent steam-assisted gravity drainage technique (SAGD) is better suited to the much larger deep deposits that surround the shallow ones. Much of the expected future growth of production in the Canadian oil sands is predicted to be from SAGD.Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage emissions are equivalent to what is emitted by the steam flood projects which have long been used to produce heavy oil in California's Kern River Oil Field and elsewhere around the world.
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