Isometric and unitary phase operators: explaining the Villain transform
... requires (16b), otherwise S− |−S = 0 is violated. As long as the states |+S (in (34a)) and |−S (in (34b)) are accessible, albeit with small probability for low temperatures, neglecting (15b) (respectively (16b)) will lead to errors, because the operators Ul (respectivelyŨl ) are not followed by ...
... requires (16b), otherwise S− |−S = 0 is violated. As long as the states |+S (in (34a)) and |−S (in (34b)) are accessible, albeit with small probability for low temperatures, neglecting (15b) (respectively (16b)) will lead to errors, because the operators Ul (respectivelyŨl ) are not followed by ...
Quantum telescopes
... in order to sense fainter objects. The second reason is somewhat less intuitive: larger telescopes allow us to see smaller details on astronomical targets. The fundamental reason for this goes beyond the classical description in terms of the wave formalism, it is rooted in quantum mechanics. Quantum ...
... in order to sense fainter objects. The second reason is somewhat less intuitive: larger telescopes allow us to see smaller details on astronomical targets. The fundamental reason for this goes beyond the classical description in terms of the wave formalism, it is rooted in quantum mechanics. Quantum ...
History of Quantum Mechanics or the Comedy of Errors
... Einstein invented various gedanken experiments in order to show that the Heisenberg uncertainty relations could be violated (those relations put limits on what can be known about physical systems), but Bohr successfully answered those objections. After the war, in 1952, David Bohm rediscovered an ol ...
... Einstein invented various gedanken experiments in order to show that the Heisenberg uncertainty relations could be violated (those relations put limits on what can be known about physical systems), but Bohr successfully answered those objections. After the war, in 1952, David Bohm rediscovered an ol ...
History of Quantum Mechanics or the Comedy of Errors1 Jean
... Einstein invented various gedanken experiments in order to show that the Heisenberg uncertainty relations could be violated (those relations put limits on what can be known about physical systems), but Bohr successfully answered those objections. After the war, in 1952, David Bohm rediscovered an ol ...
... Einstein invented various gedanken experiments in order to show that the Heisenberg uncertainty relations could be violated (those relations put limits on what can be known about physical systems), but Bohr successfully answered those objections. After the war, in 1952, David Bohm rediscovered an ol ...
Thermodynamics - Bidhannagar College
... In a cyclic process in which the system does net work on its surroundings, it is observed to be physically necessary not only that heat be taken into the system, but also, importantly, that some heat leave the system. The difference is the heat converted by the cycle into work. In each repetition o ...
... In a cyclic process in which the system does net work on its surroundings, it is observed to be physically necessary not only that heat be taken into the system, but also, importantly, that some heat leave the system. The difference is the heat converted by the cycle into work. In each repetition o ...
Implementing Qubits with Superconducting Integrated Circuits Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis
... noise of the environment. Most proposals for implementing a quantum computer have been based on qubits constructed from microscopic degrees of freedom: spin of either electrons or nuclei, transition dipoles of either atoms or ions in vacuum. These degrees of freedom are naturally very well isolated ...
... noise of the environment. Most proposals for implementing a quantum computer have been based on qubits constructed from microscopic degrees of freedom: spin of either electrons or nuclei, transition dipoles of either atoms or ions in vacuum. These degrees of freedom are naturally very well isolated ...
Lecture Notes of my Course on Quantum Computing
... The ”B” in the acronym refers to the assumption that the error probability, p = P [M accepts x] for x 6∈ L (or vice versa), is bounded away from 1/2. To be consistent we will always set p = 1/3. However, the choice of p is irrelevant as long as there is some fixed (or even an inversely polynomial in ...
... The ”B” in the acronym refers to the assumption that the error probability, p = P [M accepts x] for x 6∈ L (or vice versa), is bounded away from 1/2. To be consistent we will always set p = 1/3. However, the choice of p is irrelevant as long as there is some fixed (or even an inversely polynomial in ...
Nobel Lecture: One hundred years of light quanta*
... these waves, of whatever sort they might be, interpenetrate one another like waves on the surface of a pond. The wave displacements, in other words, add up algebraically. That’s called superposition, and it was found thus that if you have two waves that remain lastingly in step with one another, the ...
... these waves, of whatever sort they might be, interpenetrate one another like waves on the surface of a pond. The wave displacements, in other words, add up algebraically. That’s called superposition, and it was found thus that if you have two waves that remain lastingly in step with one another, the ...
How Albert Einstein invented entanglement despite his intention
... It is common knowledge that Albert Einstein at the beginning of the last century invented both the Special (1905) – and the General Theory of Relativity (1915). It is also common knowledge that in 1905, he invented the photon as an elementary particles of light. Less commonly known is Einstein’s lif ...
... It is common knowledge that Albert Einstein at the beginning of the last century invented both the Special (1905) – and the General Theory of Relativity (1915). It is also common knowledge that in 1905, he invented the photon as an elementary particles of light. Less commonly known is Einstein’s lif ...
Capacitive Coupling of Atomic Systems to Mesoscopic Conductors
... by the lack of probes which do not share the same environment. The Rydberg atoms could be used as a sensitive probe of these fluctuations that is controllably separated from the device itself. If the atoms are excited into a state with a large angular momentum where the Stark shift is linear, a sing ...
... by the lack of probes which do not share the same environment. The Rydberg atoms could be used as a sensitive probe of these fluctuations that is controllably separated from the device itself. If the atoms are excited into a state with a large angular momentum where the Stark shift is linear, a sing ...
In the early 1930s, the relativistic electron
... to quantum field theory. His idea was to sidestep the problem of divergences in quantum field theory – in his view due to the point-like interaction between fields – by considering only what he saw as measurable quantities (Miller, 1994, p. 97). Heisenberg's idea was to retain only basic elements of ...
... to quantum field theory. His idea was to sidestep the problem of divergences in quantum field theory – in his view due to the point-like interaction between fields – by considering only what he saw as measurable quantities (Miller, 1994, p. 97). Heisenberg's idea was to retain only basic elements of ...
Quantum teleportation
Quantum teleportation is a process by which quantum information (e.g. the exact state of an atom or photon) can be transmitted (exactly, in principle) from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement between the sending and receiving location. Because it depends on classical communication, which can proceed no faster than the speed of light, it cannot be used for faster-than-light transport or communication of classical bits. It also cannot be used to make copies of a system, as this violates the no-cloning theorem. While it has proven possible to teleport one or more qubits of information between two (entangled) atoms, this has not yet been achieved between molecules or anything larger.Although the name is inspired by the teleportation commonly used in fiction, there is no relationship outside the name, because quantum teleportation concerns only the transfer of information. Quantum teleportation is not a form of transportation, but of communication; it provides a way of transporting a qubit from one location to another, without having to move a physical particle along with it.The seminal paper first expounding the idea was published by C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres and W. K. Wootters in 1993. Since then, quantum teleportation was first realized with single photons and later demonstrated with various material systems such as atoms, ions, electrons and superconducting circuits. The record distance for quantum teleportation is 143 km (89 mi).