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clasPoster5 - University of Richmond
clasPoster5 - University of Richmond

... particle is characterized by Particle Data Group identification number, vertex position (in cm), and 3-momentum (in GeV/c). File extension is .txt. LUND – Text-based format that follows the LUND scheme for describing the contents of an event (T.Sjostrand, Comp. Phys. Comm. 82 (1994) 74). For particl ...
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Exam Results - University of Wisconsin–Madison

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... held, unless it exists in the mind of some observer, whether it is some finite spirit or the mind of God. Known as Idealism, this philosophical view has been unpopular in recent times, partly because science seemed to suggest that nothing exists except material particles, and that the mind is no mor ...
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... One further fact needs to be accounted for. It is found that Nature does not distinguish between different particles of the same species - e.g. “all electrons are the same”. This means that the magnitude |ψN | of the many-particle wavefunction must remain unchanged when we swap the labels of two par ...
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< 1 ... 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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