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... Waves/particles in a 2-D box (cont.) Ψ is specified by the quantum numbers n & m There are as many states as there are possible n,m combinations (N.B. n & m are positive) Two distinct wave functions are DEGENERATE if they have the same energy. e.g. the states 1,3 and 3,1 are degenerate if a = b ...
Document
Document

... -Scaling is observed at very small and very big x Approximate scaling behaviour can be explained if protons are considered as composite objects - The trivial parton model: proton consists of some partons. Interaction between partons are not taken into account - The parton model can be valid if the t ...
PPT - kimscience.com
PPT - kimscience.com

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EXPLODING BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES AND - if

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QCD --- Quantum Chromodynamics

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... The fusion reaction that takes place in the sun (H + H  He) produces such e. The standard solar model predicts the number of e coming from the sun. All attempts to measure this number on earth revealed only about one third of the number predicted by the standard solar model. ...
85 nucleosynthesis26 - Boston University Physics
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... protons and neutrons that are surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is the center of the atom. An atom is an extremely small particle of matter that retains its identity during chemical reactions. ...
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Relativistic Dynamics in the Vicinity of a Uniformly Charged Sphere

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... Note that when particles are observed, they are totally localized. They are never found partly here, partly there. When you hear or read that electrons are both waves and particles, you can operationally think “either-or” - first information in a wave of possible locations, then an actual particle ...
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Cosmic Medium and Leo Sapogin`s Unitary Quantum Theory
Cosmic Medium and Leo Sapogin`s Unitary Quantum Theory

... First, the wave-particle dualism apparently obviated in the UQT contradicts some recent experimental evidence (quantum teleportation of individual particle properties and wave-particle dualism of quasi-particles). An approach regarding a particle as a wave packet of a single field is referred to as ...
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Types of Radiation

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WHAT IS INSIDE AN ATOM? - Florida State University

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... • The time it takes for half of the original quantity to decay ...
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Naming Chemical Compounds

... Numerals present, this number represents the charge of the positive ion. This charge can be used to determine the number of negative particles needed to create a combination of particles with an overall charge of zero. ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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