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Physics116_L35
Physics116_L35

... Effect: photons act like particles when interacting with matter • de Broglie’s Matter Wave Hypothesis and Wave-Particle Duality: wave nature of “matter” at subatomic scales • Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: limit our knowledge of position AND momentum of a given object; better-defined position m ...
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11095_2015_1681_MOESM1_ESM

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Course essay - University of Wisconsin–Madison
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... Over the last decade, scientists have developed new approaches to computing using basic ideas of quantum mechanics. Individual atomic particles are used as ‘bits’ of a computer, but instead of representing only ‘0’ and ‘1’, the quantum-mechanical wavefunction is used to simultaneously represent an i ...
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... from the axis of rotation and is holding a mass M kilograms. Calculate the force ( vector!) the person must exert on the mass after time t. The person’s co-ordinates at t = 0 is Rˆ1 ( in the ground frame) and the motion is counterclock-wise as seen from above. 38. A small body is placed on an incli ...
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Advanced Simulation Activity - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate
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CHAPTER 4: ABUNDANCE AND RADIOACTIVITY OF UNSTABLE
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... distribution is such that the maximum in this distribution is at an energy about one third of the maximum energy. As mentioned above, in some cases the resulting daughter nucleus is not in an excited state, so that no g radiation is emitted. This happens to be the case with the two isotopes that are ...
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... Hybrid simulations of Perpendicular Shocks For perpendicular shock simulations, it is important to : ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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