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outline of the geology of the perth region
outline of the geology of the perth region

... The granitic and gneissic rocks of the Yilgarn Craton are the oldest rocks, having Archaean ages of around 2500 million years (my). These are intruded by dolerite dykes of Proterozoic age. Proterozoic sediments are preserved on the western margin of the craton adjacent to the Darling Fault. The Darl ...
METAMORPHIC ROCKS, PART 2 HIGHER
METAMORPHIC ROCKS, PART 2 HIGHER

... Granulite - This name is a metamorphic facies name, but has also been used as a textural term and a lithological term meaning quartzofeldspathic metamorphics. The latter two uses are definitely not preferred. Rocks of the granulite facies may be gneissic or they may be massive. They are often garnif ...
Lab 10 - FAU Geosciences
Lab 10 - FAU Geosciences

... Granulite - This name is a metamorphic facies name, but has also been used as a textural term and a lithological term meaning quartzofeldspathic metamorphics. The latter two uses are definitely not preferred. Rocks of the granulite facies may be gneissic or they may be massive. They are often garnif ...
Malleable Magnetic Radioactive Flourescence Taste
Malleable Magnetic Radioactive Flourescence Taste

... The cleavage of a mineral is its tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces. Cleavage can even be observed on tiny mineral grains making it a very useful property! ...
Minerals and Rocks lab info
Minerals and Rocks lab info

... Although minerals have been studies for hundreds of years it was not until this century that advances in chemical analysis and the discovery of x-rays made it possible for us to understand and appreciated the order that exists in the mineral kingdom. The details of these studies are too involved to ...
P – Phosphorus
P – Phosphorus

... Phosphorus belongs to the volatile components of magmas, although great variation of P levels are found in magmatic rocks, even with rocks of a similar type (Wedepohl 1978). Mielke (1979) reports average concentrations of P in various rock types as: ultramafic 220 mg kg-1; basaltic 1100 mg kg-1; gra ...
Chapter 6 The Rock and Fossil Record
Chapter 6 The Rock and Fossil Record

... James Hutton reasoned that the slow processes that shape Earth now have been the same through all of Earth’s history. Over a very long time, these processes have added up to form the features we see on Earth today. The theory that the Earth’s features form only because of small changes over long per ...
Rock Types
Rock Types

... for the single-mineral ones, are mixtures of minerals, organic materials, glasses, and fragments of other rocks. A single.mineral rock is both a rock and a mineral and has a mineral's definite composition and properties. Lr your study of rocks you will often have to refer to parts of the ① Earth Sc ...
Lab 8 - Syenite, Phonolite, Ijolite, Carbonatite, Ultramafic Rocks and
Lab 8 - Syenite, Phonolite, Ijolite, Carbonatite, Ultramafic Rocks and

... • Potassium-rich peridotites which usually occur as “pipes” which originate in the mantle • Usually have an abundant volatile content, especially CO2 and H2O • Found in old (>2500 my), stable continental areas but are themselves much younger, often Mesozoic in age • Kimberlite magmas intrude along d ...
Syenite, Phonolite, Ijolite Carbonatite, Ultramafic Rocks and
Syenite, Phonolite, Ijolite Carbonatite, Ultramafic Rocks and

... • Potassium-rich peridotites which usually occur as “pipes” which originate in the mantle • Usually have an abundant volatile content, especially CO2 and H2O • Found in old (>2500 my), stable continental areas but are themselves much younger, often Mesozoic in age • Kimberlite magmas intrude along d ...
What are some special characteristics of minerals?
What are some special characteristics of minerals?

... 1. SILICATE: Contains silicon and oxygen (two most common elements in Earth’s crust) 2. NONSILICATE: DOES NOT contain silicon and oxygen ...
55. Preliminary Results on the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of
55. Preliminary Results on the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of

... bulk samples were first crushed and ultrasonically dispersed in distilled water in order to identify the totality of the secondary minerals present in the sample; they were X-rayed using a proportional detector in continuous scanning mode. The secondary minerals analyzed on thin section with the mic ...
Geology of the Northern Part of the Tenmile Range, Summit County
Geology of the Northern Part of the Tenmile Range, Summit County

... area in the southern part of the Teninile Range (Koschmann, I960, p. 1359-i;i(!l). The base of this unit is not. exposed; lierice the true thickness cannot bo determined. An approximate estimate of minimum thickness is 0,500 feet. The granulite of the Temiiile Kange is a light-gray, black-streaked m ...
Description of sandstones in the Ulaanbaatar
Description of sandstones in the Ulaanbaatar

... sandstone, on the other hands the Altan-Ovoo & Orgioch-Uul Formation is largely occupied by mudstonerich strata with felsic tuff intercalations (Takeuchi et al., 2013). Although it is difficult to make an accurate discussion because there is no information about the age of their sedimentation, this ...
Sandbox of Human Ingenuity
Sandbox of Human Ingenuity

... magnifies this essential childhood experience. Let’s play while we think about the sand beneath our feet. What is sand? • Sand is composed individual grains of mineral crystals, clastics (a rock), or fossil fragments. • Sand is defined by the size of its grains. All sand grains are between 1/16 mm a ...
Geology of Granite
Geology of Granite

... sufficient size, a volcano erupts, pushing the magma to the surface. There, it is contaminated with layers of sand, clay, limestone, and other minerals and small rocks. Although it may cool into what appears to be a solid rock, it is extremely mixed with other materials and it is unsuitable for any ...
What`s the Story with Sand?
What`s the Story with Sand?

... manganese-containing elements and causes the formation of iron oxides which are the red pigments in Georgia’s red clay. (This process is commonly known as “rusting.”) Another chemical reaction – hydrolysis - causes weathering of silicate minerals to form clays. Biological weathering can be caused b ...
Structural terms including fault rocks
Structural terms including fault rocks

... agreed definition of a mylonite, mainly because of the problem of knowing if, for example, plastic processes have been involved in the grain size reduction. Commonly detailed microstructural analysis of thin sections is required which makes it difficult to apply these definitions on a hand specimen ...
ch05 - earthjay science
ch05 - earthjay science

... May be large or small May be shallow or deep Filled with terrigenous, carbonate, or evaporitic sediments Sediments are typically fine grained but may be coarse near the edges Fine sediment and organic matter settling in some lakes produced laminated oil shales Playa lakes are shallow, temporary lake ...
Lab 10 - Gneiss and Eclogite
Lab 10 - Gneiss and Eclogite

... determined by its chemical composition and mineral content • Orthogneiss = igneous origin • Paragneiss = sedimentary origin ...
Metamorphic Rocks, Part 1 HIGHER
Metamorphic Rocks, Part 1 HIGHER

... determined by its chemical composition and mineral content • Orthogneiss = igneous origin • Paragneiss = sedimentary origin ...
Geology of the eastern part of the Meråker area
Geology of the eastern part of the Meråker area

... study the sedimentary markings in three dimensions. The most commonly observed markings are small round- or angular-backed crests, and long mud intrusions in the overlying metagraywacke. Crests and intrusions are generally asymmetric and point in the same direction (fig. 9, fig- 10, fig. 11, fig. 12 ...
Chapter 3 Rocks Section 1 The Rock Cycle Key Concepts What is a
Chapter 3 Rocks Section 1 The Rock Cycle Key Concepts What is a

...  rock cycle  magma  lava  weathering  sediments Why do we study rocks? All Earth processes such as volcanic eruptions, mountain building, weathering, erosion, and even earthquakes involve rocks and minerals. Rocks contain clues about the environments in which they were formed. For example, if a ...
Chapter 3 Rocks
Chapter 3 Rocks

...  rock cycle  magma  lava  weathering  sediments Why do we study rocks? All Earth processes such as volcanic eruptions, mountain building, weathering, erosion, and even earthquakes involve rocks and minerals. Rocks contain clues about the environments in which they were formed. For example, if a ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
Sample pages 1 PDF

... further eroded during river transportation to gravel and boulder size. These fragments are recognisably rock but, as they disintegrate to yet smaller and sand-size grains, the grains tend to be largely of single minerals. The type of mineral of which they are composed will depend upon the source roc ...
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Mudrock



Mudrocks are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale. Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and nomenclature. There has been a great deal of disagreement involving the classification of mudrocks. There are a few important hurdles to classification, including:Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to dateIt is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their diminutive size and susceptibility to weathering on outcropsAnd most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientistsMudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, and these sediments contribute to the overall omnipresence of mudrocks. With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of fissility or parallel layering. This finely bedded material that splits readily into thin layers is called shale, as distinct from mudstone. The lack of fissility or layering in mudstone may be due either to original texture or to the disruption of layering by burrowing organisms in the sediment prior to lithification. From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks, Geologie des Argils by Millot, was not published until 1964; however, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil. Literature on the elusive yet omnipresent rock-type has been increasing in recent years, and technology continues to allow for better analysis.
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