Philippine Sea Plate inception, evolution, and consumption with
... boundary evolved into thrusting within the Pacific Plate at ∼52–50 Ma, allowing it to subduct beneath the newly formed PSP, which was composed of an alternance of thick Mesozoic terranes and thin oceanic lithosphere. (4) The first magmas rising from the shallow mantle corner, after being hydrated by ...
... boundary evolved into thrusting within the Pacific Plate at ∼52–50 Ma, allowing it to subduct beneath the newly formed PSP, which was composed of an alternance of thick Mesozoic terranes and thin oceanic lithosphere. (4) The first magmas rising from the shallow mantle corner, after being hydrated by ...
The Architecture, Chemistry, and Evolution of - Cin
... 2.4.1. Extinct arcs. The western North American Cordillera comprises a continuous belt of arc products (mostly intrusive) from Alaska to Baja California (Figure 3a). These are the great North American batholiths, with ages ranging from Triassic to Eocene (Table 1) (Anderson 1990). All these batholit ...
... 2.4.1. Extinct arcs. The western North American Cordillera comprises a continuous belt of arc products (mostly intrusive) from Alaska to Baja California (Figure 3a). These are the great North American batholiths, with ages ranging from Triassic to Eocene (Table 1) (Anderson 1990). All these batholit ...
Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Capricorn
... stations were deployed for approximately 1 year (mid 2006–2007) during which time 70 earthquakes were recorded at each station with a suitable signal to noise ratio for receiver function analysis and hence the S wavespeed profiles of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath each recording station are d ...
... stations were deployed for approximately 1 year (mid 2006–2007) during which time 70 earthquakes were recorded at each station with a suitable signal to noise ratio for receiver function analysis and hence the S wavespeed profiles of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath each recording station are d ...
Plate Tectonics - The Web site cannot be found
... Plate tectonics is an expression of the Earth’s long term loss of internal heat. In a first approximation the Earth comprises two different liquids, the core with a diameter of ca. 3200 km and the mantle with a thickness of ca. 2900 km which surrounds the core. Since the temperature outside the Eart ...
... Plate tectonics is an expression of the Earth’s long term loss of internal heat. In a first approximation the Earth comprises two different liquids, the core with a diameter of ca. 3200 km and the mantle with a thickness of ca. 2900 km which surrounds the core. Since the temperature outside the Eart ...
Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large
... hotspot volcanism was generated at large-body impact sites and flood basalt volcanism was triggered antipodally by focused seismic energy [13,14]. This model has been challenged because impacts are generally considered seismically too inefficient [15], and the Deccan Traps of India were not antipoda ...
... hotspot volcanism was generated at large-body impact sites and flood basalt volcanism was triggered antipodally by focused seismic energy [13,14]. This model has been challenged because impacts are generally considered seismically too inefficient [15], and the Deccan Traps of India were not antipoda ...
Flat versus steep subduction: Contrasting modes for the formation
... subduction to collision. Slab inclination conditions for these two stages can be strongly dissimilar, which is taken into account by our models in a simplified manner: the initial slab dip angle corresponds to the early subduction stage and the final slab inclination characterizes the later collision ...
... subduction to collision. Slab inclination conditions for these two stages can be strongly dissimilar, which is taken into account by our models in a simplified manner: the initial slab dip angle corresponds to the early subduction stage and the final slab inclination characterizes the later collision ...
Global tectonics - Scheme of work and lesson plan booklet
... OCR has produced an overview document, which summarises the changes to Geology. This can be found at www.ocr.org.uk, along with the new specification. In order to help you plan effectively for the implementation of the new specification we have produced this Scheme of Work and Sample Lesson Plans fo ...
... OCR has produced an overview document, which summarises the changes to Geology. This can be found at www.ocr.org.uk, along with the new specification. In order to help you plan effectively for the implementation of the new specification we have produced this Scheme of Work and Sample Lesson Plans fo ...
Michael John O`Hara. 22 February 1933
... trench after being shelled. He returned to the UK and met Mike’s mother, Winifred Dorothy Avis, on the up train to London: she regularly caught the Waterloo train at Staines station at the last minute, and Mike’s father, who was a passenger on the train, delayed the train’s departure by holding the ...
... trench after being shelled. He returned to the UK and met Mike’s mother, Winifred Dorothy Avis, on the up train to London: she regularly caught the Waterloo train at Staines station at the last minute, and Mike’s father, who was a passenger on the train, delayed the train’s departure by holding the ...
Rare earth elements in Québec, Canada: Main deposit
... range of high-technology industries (e.g., energy, transport, and telecommunications; Walters et al., 2011). The world production and reserves are mainly owned by China. In 2008, the Chinese government introduced export quotas on rare metals, which led to a global search for new sources of REE. Québ ...
... range of high-technology industries (e.g., energy, transport, and telecommunications; Walters et al., 2011). The world production and reserves are mainly owned by China. In 2008, the Chinese government introduced export quotas on rare metals, which led to a global search for new sources of REE. Québ ...
101 - Durham University Community
... Basaltic magmatism that builds intra-plate ocean islands is often considered to be genetically associated with “hotspots” or “mantle plumes”. While there have been many discussions on why ocean island basalts (OIB) are geochemically highly enriched as an integral part of the mantle plume hypothesis, ...
... Basaltic magmatism that builds intra-plate ocean islands is often considered to be genetically associated with “hotspots” or “mantle plumes”. While there have been many discussions on why ocean island basalts (OIB) are geochemically highly enriched as an integral part of the mantle plume hypothesis, ...
Relations between sedimentary basins and petroleum
... various phenomena affecting them. This fragmentation and movement, responsible for the current configuration of the Earth’s crust, generate seismic phenomena and cause the formation of the sedimentary basins which contain almost all the source and reservoir rocks where hydrocarbons accumulate. Life ...
... various phenomena affecting them. This fragmentation and movement, responsible for the current configuration of the Earth’s crust, generate seismic phenomena and cause the formation of the sedimentary basins which contain almost all the source and reservoir rocks where hydrocarbons accumulate. Life ...
CHAPTER 4 GEOCHRONOLOGY AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTER OF
... distances. Chemostratigraphy is widely used by geoscientists at the present to investigate environmental change on the local, regional, and global levels by relating variations in rock chemistry to changes in the environment in which the sediment was deposited. Sedimentary rocks in the Huqf Supergro ...
... distances. Chemostratigraphy is widely used by geoscientists at the present to investigate environmental change on the local, regional, and global levels by relating variations in rock chemistry to changes in the environment in which the sediment was deposited. Sedimentary rocks in the Huqf Supergro ...
Large-Scale Thermo-chemical Structure of the Deep Mantle
... models (Ritsema et al. 2011) suggest that it may split into a western and an eastern province with a gap of several hundreds of kilometers in between. Both provinces have a trapezoidal shape, but the western region has stronger topography than the eastern region. Sharp boundaries at the southern ed ...
... models (Ritsema et al. 2011) suggest that it may split into a western and an eastern province with a gap of several hundreds of kilometers in between. Both provinces have a trapezoidal shape, but the western region has stronger topography than the eastern region. Sharp boundaries at the southern ed ...
accepted manuscript
... basin, raising the Tibetan Plateau (e.g. Hetzel et al., 2011, Rohrmann et al., 2012), forming the vast Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt that has shaped the southern Eurasian margin following India's indentation into Tibet (Molnar and Tapponier, 1975), eventually leading to extrusion tectonics in SE As ...
... basin, raising the Tibetan Plateau (e.g. Hetzel et al., 2011, Rohrmann et al., 2012), forming the vast Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt that has shaped the southern Eurasian margin following India's indentation into Tibet (Molnar and Tapponier, 1975), eventually leading to extrusion tectonics in SE As ...
Geochemistry of Jurassic Oceanic Crust beneath
... critically dependent on the effects of hydrothermal alteration near the ridge axis and the subduction process on the Pb isotope systematics of ocean crust. Ocean island basalts have long been considered to be one of the major means for evaluating mantle heterogeneity, based on the belief that ocean ...
... critically dependent on the effects of hydrothermal alteration near the ridge axis and the subduction process on the Pb isotope systematics of ocean crust. Ocean island basalts have long been considered to be one of the major means for evaluating mantle heterogeneity, based on the belief that ocean ...
The tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG)
... Abstract: The 2.95–2.82 Ga quartzofeldspathic gneisses and granitoids in the Bighorn, western Owl Creek, and northeastern Wind River uplifts in the central Wyoming Province include low-K tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) and high-K granodiorite–granite (GG) rocks. Both types of granitoids wer ...
... Abstract: The 2.95–2.82 Ga quartzofeldspathic gneisses and granitoids in the Bighorn, western Owl Creek, and northeastern Wind River uplifts in the central Wyoming Province include low-K tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) and high-K granodiorite–granite (GG) rocks. Both types of granitoids wer ...
The Penokean orogeny in the Lake Superior region
... Fig. 4. Comparison of the sequence of Penokean events in the magmatic arc terranes, the proximal foreland, and distal foreland. Solid lines are based on radiometric ages. Dashed lines are estimated times between radiometrically bracketed events. ...
... Fig. 4. Comparison of the sequence of Penokean events in the magmatic arc terranes, the proximal foreland, and distal foreland. Solid lines are based on radiometric ages. Dashed lines are estimated times between radiometrically bracketed events. ...
compositional and thermal differences between lithospheric and
... loss of the iron part, while the solidus temperature increases. However, basaltic liquid extraction cools the asthenospheric mantle; the process which partially compensate the decrease of density [Jordan, 1978]. In general cases, when thermal and compositional parameters determining the mantle litho ...
... loss of the iron part, while the solidus temperature increases. However, basaltic liquid extraction cools the asthenospheric mantle; the process which partially compensate the decrease of density [Jordan, 1978]. In general cases, when thermal and compositional parameters determining the mantle litho ...
Igneous rocks
... weight of overlying rock. – As pressure on a rock increases, its melting point increases. – Rocks and minerals often contain small percentages of water. – As water content increases, the melting point decreases. ...
... weight of overlying rock. – As pressure on a rock increases, its melting point increases. – Rocks and minerals often contain small percentages of water. – As water content increases, the melting point decreases. ...
- Lake Fenton Community School District
... weight of overlying rock. – As pressure on a rock increases, its melting point increases. – Rocks and minerals often contain small percentages of water. – As water content increases, the melting point decreases. ...
... weight of overlying rock. – As pressure on a rock increases, its melting point increases. – Rocks and minerals often contain small percentages of water. – As water content increases, the melting point decreases. ...
Igneous Rock Associations 8. Arc Magmatism II: Geo
... et al. 1982) showing how the chemical composition of clinopyroxene reflects the (a) calc-alkalic vs tholeiitic, and (b) orogenic vs non-orogenic conditions in which it formed. a shallow magma chamber (i.e. low pressures). As long as the system remains closed, cooling of a basaltic liquid of composit ...
... et al. 1982) showing how the chemical composition of clinopyroxene reflects the (a) calc-alkalic vs tholeiitic, and (b) orogenic vs non-orogenic conditions in which it formed. a shallow magma chamber (i.e. low pressures). As long as the system remains closed, cooling of a basaltic liquid of composit ...
geology guidance for teaching
... of the four-fold classification and its delineation and be able to name at least one element from each group. lithophile: elements that combine well with oxygen and are concentrated in the crust; siderophile: ‘iron loving’ elements typical of the core; chalcophile: ‘ore loving’ elements which combin ...
... of the four-fold classification and its delineation and be able to name at least one element from each group. lithophile: elements that combine well with oxygen and are concentrated in the crust; siderophile: ‘iron loving’ elements typical of the core; chalcophile: ‘ore loving’ elements which combin ...
Zoned mantle convection
... for long-lived radioactive systems therefore requires that the parent and daughter nuclides, such as 87 Rb{87 Sr, 238 U{206 Pb, 147 Sm{143 Nd and 176 Lu{176 Hf, went for aeons through igneous and surface processes that redistributed them unevenly amongst `reservoirs’ (Armstrong 1968; Hofmann & White ...
... for long-lived radioactive systems therefore requires that the parent and daughter nuclides, such as 87 Rb{87 Sr, 238 U{206 Pb, 147 Sm{143 Nd and 176 Lu{176 Hf, went for aeons through igneous and surface processes that redistributed them unevenly amongst `reservoirs’ (Armstrong 1968; Hofmann & White ...
Evolution of mantle plumes and uplift of continents during the
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
Archean Geodynamics and the Thermal Evolution of Earth
... the other hand, cosmochemical and geochemical studies suggest that the radiogenic heat production of the bulk silicate Earth (i.e., mantle after core segregation but before the extraction of continental crust) is ~20 TW [McDonough and Sun, 1995]. Since ~8 TW must be sequestered in continental crust, ...
... the other hand, cosmochemical and geochemical studies suggest that the radiogenic heat production of the bulk silicate Earth (i.e., mantle after core segregation but before the extraction of continental crust) is ~20 TW [McDonough and Sun, 1995]. Since ~8 TW must be sequestered in continental crust, ...
History of Earth
The history of Earth concerns the development of the planet Earth from its formation to the present day. Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to the understanding of the main events of the Earth's past. The age of Earth is approximately one-third of the age of the universe. An immense amount of biological and geological change has occurred in that time span.Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere, but it contained almost no oxygen and would have been toxic to humans and most modern life. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. One very large collision is thought to have been responsible for tilting the Earth at an angle and forming the Moon. Over time, the planet cooled and formed a solid crust, allowing liquid water to exist on the surface.The first life forms appeared between 3.8 and 3.5 billion years ago. The earliest evidences for life on Earth are graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7-billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48-billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Photosynthetic life appeared around 2 billion years ago, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen. Life remained mostly small and microscopic until about 580 million years ago, when complex multicellular life arose. During the Cambrian period it experienced a rapid diversification into most major phyla. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Geological change has been constantly occurring on Earth since the time of its formation and biological change since the first appearance of life. Species continuously evolve, taking on new forms, splitting into daughter species, or going extinct in response to an ever-changing planet. The process of plate tectonics has played a major role in the shaping of Earth's oceans and continents, as well as the life they harbor. The biosphere, in turn, has had a significant effect on the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, such as the formation of the ozone layer, the proliferation of oxygen, and the creation of soil.