An introduction to genetic algorithms for neural networks
... can be used as inputs to the network (such as a chemical composition which cannot be negative), although the nature of ANNs and GAs are naturally unconstrained. Two ways to fix this problem are mentioned above – restriction of the mutation process or modification of the fitness function to reflect t ...
... can be used as inputs to the network (such as a chemical composition which cannot be negative), although the nature of ANNs and GAs are naturally unconstrained. Two ways to fix this problem are mentioned above – restriction of the mutation process or modification of the fitness function to reflect t ...
4.3
... §4.3 Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection The essence of the theory of evolution through selection is that in any population there will exist genetic variation between individuals and that those genotypes which are better suited to the environment than others will contribute rather more than the ...
... §4.3 Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection The essence of the theory of evolution through selection is that in any population there will exist genetic variation between individuals and that those genotypes which are better suited to the environment than others will contribute rather more than the ...
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
... cells inside the average human. Each nucleus contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs EPISD Standards Based Curriculum 2013-2014 ...
... cells inside the average human. Each nucleus contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs EPISD Standards Based Curriculum 2013-2014 ...
name: Lab 2 Population Genetics Quiz Key 1. Define microevolution
... • You could have had individuals from another population immigrating into the population or individuals of one type emigrating from the population at a rate that is not equal to the other types, violating the assumption of no gene flow. • You could have mutations, violating the assumption that there ...
... • You could have had individuals from another population immigrating into the population or individuals of one type emigrating from the population at a rate that is not equal to the other types, violating the assumption of no gene flow. • You could have mutations, violating the assumption that there ...
How to gain the benefits of sexual reproduction without paying the cost
... ~10% male offspring instead of the expected 50%. The remaining 90% hermaphrodite offspring are nearly all outcrossed progeny (Fig. 1). This was revealed by a trick employed by the experimenters – although the males were wild type, the hermaphrodites used for mating were homozygous for a recessive mu ...
... ~10% male offspring instead of the expected 50%. The remaining 90% hermaphrodite offspring are nearly all outcrossed progeny (Fig. 1). This was revealed by a trick employed by the experimenters – although the males were wild type, the hermaphrodites used for mating were homozygous for a recessive mu ...
Document
... • When two organisms mate they share their genes. The resultant offspring may end up having half the genes from one parent and half from the other. This process is called recombination (crossover). • Very occasionally a gene may be mutated. http://members.cox.net/amgough/Chromosome_recombination-01 ...
... • When two organisms mate they share their genes. The resultant offspring may end up having half the genes from one parent and half from the other. This process is called recombination (crossover). • Very occasionally a gene may be mutated. http://members.cox.net/amgough/Chromosome_recombination-01 ...
Natural Infection of a Domestic Cat (Felis domesticus) with
... of cutaneous leishmaniasis of man, and of some domestic animals, such as dogs and donkeys (CML Aguillar et al. 1987 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 82: 143). This report is, to our knowledge, the first proven case of a cat infected by L. (Viannia), most probably L. (V.) braziliensis. In our opinion, however, ...
... of cutaneous leishmaniasis of man, and of some domestic animals, such as dogs and donkeys (CML Aguillar et al. 1987 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 82: 143). This report is, to our knowledge, the first proven case of a cat infected by L. (Viannia), most probably L. (V.) braziliensis. In our opinion, however, ...
Evolution of colour vision in primates
... have been largely nocturnal species. For them, the ability to see in lowlight conditions was at a premium, rather than the ability to see in colour. The ancestors of modern mammals consequently lost colour vision at the time of the dinosaurs. Some primates, including humans, have re-evolved colour v ...
... have been largely nocturnal species. For them, the ability to see in lowlight conditions was at a premium, rather than the ability to see in colour. The ancestors of modern mammals consequently lost colour vision at the time of the dinosaurs. Some primates, including humans, have re-evolved colour v ...
A pesticide that was rarely used in 1932 was used with increasing
... Green crabs are native predators of the blue mussels that live along the coast of Maine. The blue mussels have acquired an adaptation that allows them to detect the unique waterborne chemicals produced by green crabs and produce thicker shells that are more difficult for the green crabs to break. In ...
... Green crabs are native predators of the blue mussels that live along the coast of Maine. The blue mussels have acquired an adaptation that allows them to detect the unique waterborne chemicals produced by green crabs and produce thicker shells that are more difficult for the green crabs to break. In ...
The Role of Genetic Diversity in Restoration Success for
... Implications for Restoration Practice • How extensive are clones within locations? • How many different individuals are there at individual locations? • Is there any evidence for local adaptation within the Bay? – Are occurrences of Vallisneria genetically isolated or are levels of gene flow high e ...
... Implications for Restoration Practice • How extensive are clones within locations? • How many different individuals are there at individual locations? • Is there any evidence for local adaptation within the Bay? – Are occurrences of Vallisneria genetically isolated or are levels of gene flow high e ...
Lamarck Ascending! - Harvard DASH
... mechanisms of physiological adaptation and adaptive plasticity (within or between generations), but only if these proximate mechanisms could be shown to have evolved by processes other than natural selection. None of the contributors to ToL defend the kind of hereditary mechanism rejected by Weisman ...
... mechanisms of physiological adaptation and adaptive plasticity (within or between generations), but only if these proximate mechanisms could be shown to have evolved by processes other than natural selection. None of the contributors to ToL defend the kind of hereditary mechanism rejected by Weisman ...
Construing Categories - Institution for Social and Policy Studies
... racism, people continue to perceive members of certain social categories (including racial groups) as having a shared “essence”—an innate, invariable, and unobservable property that all group members possess and that is causally related to group membership ii. Many researchers have illuminated the n ...
... racism, people continue to perceive members of certain social categories (including racial groups) as having a shared “essence”—an innate, invariable, and unobservable property that all group members possess and that is causally related to group membership ii. Many researchers have illuminated the n ...
Natural Selection PhET Simulation
... natural selection because they are what determine an organism’s survival. Therefore, another definition could be, “Environmental conditions determine how well particular traits of organisms can serve the survival and reproduction of an organism.” Darwin also realized that Lamarck’s idea that the env ...
... natural selection because they are what determine an organism’s survival. Therefore, another definition could be, “Environmental conditions determine how well particular traits of organisms can serve the survival and reproduction of an organism.” Darwin also realized that Lamarck’s idea that the env ...
Rapporto sulle attività e sui risultati conseguiti dal 2004 al 2006
... Activities and results Material of study was basically represented by ciliates (Reseach Units headed by F. Dini at the University of Pisa, and P. Luporini at the University of Camerino), mollusks (RU headed by E. Olmo, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region), krill (RU headed by T. Patarnello, ...
... Activities and results Material of study was basically represented by ciliates (Reseach Units headed by F. Dini at the University of Pisa, and P. Luporini at the University of Camerino), mollusks (RU headed by E. Olmo, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region), krill (RU headed by T. Patarnello, ...
Coevolution webquest
... Many plants have developed defenses against the organisms that try and feed on them. Research plant adaptations and give two examples of how a plant and another organism have coevolved together. Please include a picture of both organisms as well. ...
... Many plants have developed defenses against the organisms that try and feed on them. Research plant adaptations and give two examples of how a plant and another organism have coevolved together. Please include a picture of both organisms as well. ...
Natural Selection Scripted - UTeach Outreach
... natural selection because they are what determine an organism’s survival. Therefore, another definition could be, “Environmental conditions determine how well particular traits of organisms can serve the survival and reproduction of an organism.” Darwin also realized that Lamarck’s idea that the env ...
... natural selection because they are what determine an organism’s survival. Therefore, another definition could be, “Environmental conditions determine how well particular traits of organisms can serve the survival and reproduction of an organism.” Darwin also realized that Lamarck’s idea that the env ...
The evolution of island gigantism and body size variation in tortoises
... ischyros [18], inhabited Mesozoic seas that would have been much warmer than today’s oceans [19–21]. Predation risk presents an additional explanation for large optimal sizes in sea turtles. The largest sea turtle species evolved during the Late Mesozoic, and Biol. Lett. (2011) ...
... ischyros [18], inhabited Mesozoic seas that would have been much warmer than today’s oceans [19–21]. Predation risk presents an additional explanation for large optimal sizes in sea turtles. The largest sea turtle species evolved during the Late Mesozoic, and Biol. Lett. (2011) ...
Evo‐Devo)
... characteristic reflects their shared expression of water‐soluble proteins from the crystallin family. High levels of expression are required for lens transparency and its refractive index. Different members of this family mediate lens function in the aforementioned phyla. All vertebrate lenses co ...
... characteristic reflects their shared expression of water‐soluble proteins from the crystallin family. High levels of expression are required for lens transparency and its refractive index. Different members of this family mediate lens function in the aforementioned phyla. All vertebrate lenses co ...
the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in birds
... traits (i.e., species having the same area of the body pigmented, but in different colors) may be less useful for investigating the origin of sexual dimorphisms: such species might have inherited both the dimorphic trait and any female suppressors (or male promoters) from a common ancestor, and the ...
... traits (i.e., species having the same area of the body pigmented, but in different colors) may be less useful for investigating the origin of sexual dimorphisms: such species might have inherited both the dimorphic trait and any female suppressors (or male promoters) from a common ancestor, and the ...
7.012 EVOLUTION SECTION
... At the present time, the snakes are still the same variety of colors, but most of the snakes are green. b) Explain this change in color frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes..... i) Bottleneck effect. It happened that most of the snakes on the island ...
... At the present time, the snakes are still the same variety of colors, but most of the snakes are green. b) Explain this change in color frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes..... i) Bottleneck effect. It happened that most of the snakes on the island ...
Darwinism in Context: a Course on the Nature of Science
... These ideas were developed in a time when many important philosophers had come to question the authority of religion and its ability to answer particular questions. Perhaps the most successful was David Hume, an empiricist philosopher who expressed his skepticism about the existence of God, although ...
... These ideas were developed in a time when many important philosophers had come to question the authority of religion and its ability to answer particular questions. Perhaps the most successful was David Hume, an empiricist philosopher who expressed his skepticism about the existence of God, although ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.