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... • Please IGNORE these….. • They are based on outdated information and will be marked wrong in geology exams • They often also show continental crust floating on oceanic crust, this is also incorrect. ...
... • Please IGNORE these….. • They are based on outdated information and will be marked wrong in geology exams • They often also show continental crust floating on oceanic crust, this is also incorrect. ...
Earthquakes - Science Learning Hub
... INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: The children will have an understanding that: Conceptual LOs Procedural LOs Nature of Science Technical LOs The Earth is made up of layers. Research/fact-finding using the Science knowledge is subject to View/gather information, discuss The Earth’s crust (lithos ...
... INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: The children will have an understanding that: Conceptual LOs Procedural LOs Nature of Science Technical LOs The Earth is made up of layers. Research/fact-finding using the Science knowledge is subject to View/gather information, discuss The Earth’s crust (lithos ...
Understanding continental subduction: A work in
... rocks, and also six mechanism exist that explain the subsequent unroofing of these rocks (Hacker and Gerya, 2013; Gerya, 2011). The exhumation of such rocks is as fascinating a subject as their burial: UHP terrains underwent the most amount of exhumation of any rocks from Earth’s surface. The propos ...
... rocks, and also six mechanism exist that explain the subsequent unroofing of these rocks (Hacker and Gerya, 2013; Gerya, 2011). The exhumation of such rocks is as fascinating a subject as their burial: UHP terrains underwent the most amount of exhumation of any rocks from Earth’s surface. The propos ...
Ch. 10 Section 3 Power Point
... around the globe changes and causes climates to change. – EX: Geologic evidence shows that ice once covered most of Earth’s continental surfaces. As continents began to drift around the globe, however, global temperatures changed and much of the ice sheet melted. 2. As continents rift or as mountain ...
... around the globe changes and causes climates to change. – EX: Geologic evidence shows that ice once covered most of Earth’s continental surfaces. As continents began to drift around the globe, however, global temperatures changed and much of the ice sheet melted. 2. As continents rift or as mountain ...
Seismic structure of the lithosphere and upper mantle
... across the ridge (Dunn and Forsyth, 2003), where a crustal magma chamber is confined. Our modeling results suggest variable shear-wave velocity contrasts across the LAB for the five stations on the oceanic islands close to the mid-oceanic ridges. The inversion results reveal that the first-order dis ...
... across the ridge (Dunn and Forsyth, 2003), where a crustal magma chamber is confined. Our modeling results suggest variable shear-wave velocity contrasts across the LAB for the five stations on the oceanic islands close to the mid-oceanic ridges. The inversion results reveal that the first-order dis ...
Is the Empirical Evidence for Plate Tectonics Enough? Quote: Plate
... Although solid, the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is, however, not due to cooler temperatures but due to high pressure. The lithosphere is broken ...
... Although solid, the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is, however, not due to cooler temperatures but due to high pressure. The lithosphere is broken ...
1 Lecture 24: Convergent boundaries November 22, 2006
... Convergent boundaries are characterized by consumption of oceaninc crust in subduction zones, with attendant arc volcanism, metamorphism and uplift. During their early phases, convergent boundaries are initiated by the rupture and sinking of oceanic crust , probably related to a change in plate moti ...
... Convergent boundaries are characterized by consumption of oceaninc crust in subduction zones, with attendant arc volcanism, metamorphism and uplift. During their early phases, convergent boundaries are initiated by the rupture and sinking of oceanic crust , probably related to a change in plate moti ...
Steady-state creation of crust-free lithosphere at cold spots in mid
... Figure 4. Melt production as mid-ocean ridge segment approaches Romanche-type, longoffset, slow-slipping transform. Melt generation was modeled assuming adiabatic fractional melting in region where temperatures are above solidus. Latent heat of fusion due to freezing of melt, and hydrothermal coolin ...
... Figure 4. Melt production as mid-ocean ridge segment approaches Romanche-type, longoffset, slow-slipping transform. Melt generation was modeled assuming adiabatic fractional melting in region where temperatures are above solidus. Latent heat of fusion due to freezing of melt, and hydrothermal coolin ...
Our Haven, Planet Earth
... observe that when we are on Earth, we are walking around on a solid crust which is mainly made up of elements such as O, Fe, Mg, Si and Al forming crystalline compounds, which we call minerals and rocks. Another direct source of knowledge about the composition of our planet comes from the meteorites ...
... observe that when we are on Earth, we are walking around on a solid crust which is mainly made up of elements such as O, Fe, Mg, Si and Al forming crystalline compounds, which we call minerals and rocks. Another direct source of knowledge about the composition of our planet comes from the meteorites ...
Problem Set 2: Transforms INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the questions
... Use the magnifying glass on the menu at the top of the map screen to zoom in to the Philippine Sea Plate. Conventions and definitions: For latitude, north is positive and south is negative For longitude, east is positive and west is negative ω angular velocity around some Euler pole vij linear veloc ...
... Use the magnifying glass on the menu at the top of the map screen to zoom in to the Philippine Sea Plate. Conventions and definitions: For latitude, north is positive and south is negative For longitude, east is positive and west is negative ω angular velocity around some Euler pole vij linear veloc ...
Plate Tectonics: Earthquake Epicenter
... Sound, and resulted in a tidal wave that killed 110 people in Alaska, Canada, Hawaii, and the continental U.S. It was so large that it caused the water in pools in Texas and Louisiana to slosh.3 Structure of the Crust In order to understand in better detail the reasons for earthquakes, we must come ...
... Sound, and resulted in a tidal wave that killed 110 people in Alaska, Canada, Hawaii, and the continental U.S. It was so large that it caused the water in pools in Texas and Louisiana to slosh.3 Structure of the Crust In order to understand in better detail the reasons for earthquakes, we must come ...
Chapter 1 - Beck-Shop
... Moho averages 5–7 km. Under some oceanic islands, its thickness reaches 18 km. The elevated density and small thickness of oceanic crust cause it to be less buoyant than continental crust, so that it occupies areas of lower elevation on Earth’s surface. As a result, most oceanic crust of normal thic ...
... Moho averages 5–7 km. Under some oceanic islands, its thickness reaches 18 km. The elevated density and small thickness of oceanic crust cause it to be less buoyant than continental crust, so that it occupies areas of lower elevation on Earth’s surface. As a result, most oceanic crust of normal thic ...
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE II
... far before sinking/downwelling into the mantle, thus controlling the size. Thermal Boundary Layer Forces: horizontal pressure gradients are the primary driving force for lateral flow in thermal boundary layers. It should be clearly understood that buoyancy does not drive the boundary layer currents ...
... far before sinking/downwelling into the mantle, thus controlling the size. Thermal Boundary Layer Forces: horizontal pressure gradients are the primary driving force for lateral flow in thermal boundary layers. It should be clearly understood that buoyancy does not drive the boundary layer currents ...
PREFACE
... 1 Earth is made up of three layers, namely, the crust, the mantle, and the core. 2 The crust is the outermost and the thinnest layer of Earth. 3 The mantle lies between the core and the crust. 4 The core is the deepest and the hottest layer of Earth, and it is found beneath the mantle. 5 Diastr ...
... 1 Earth is made up of three layers, namely, the crust, the mantle, and the core. 2 The crust is the outermost and the thinnest layer of Earth. 3 The mantle lies between the core and the crust. 4 The core is the deepest and the hottest layer of Earth, and it is found beneath the mantle. 5 Diastr ...
Eart162 - UCSC Earth & Planetary Sciences
... Thermodynamics & Adiabat • A packet of convecting material is often moving fast enough that it exchanges no energy with its surroundings • What factors control whether this is true? • As the convecting material rises, it will expand (due to reduced pressure) and thus do work (W = P dV) • This work ...
... Thermodynamics & Adiabat • A packet of convecting material is often moving fast enough that it exchanges no energy with its surroundings • What factors control whether this is true? • As the convecting material rises, it will expand (due to reduced pressure) and thus do work (W = P dV) • This work ...
Chapter 19 - Heritage Collegiate
... by glaciers. The direction of the striations suggested that if the continents were always where they are now, then these glaciers must have moved in from the sea. Wegener explained that if Pangaea was situated with South Africa centered on the South Pole, then the presence of glaciers on Pangaea ne ...
... by glaciers. The direction of the striations suggested that if the continents were always where they are now, then these glaciers must have moved in from the sea. Wegener explained that if Pangaea was situated with South Africa centered on the South Pole, then the presence of glaciers on Pangaea ne ...
View - GFZpublic
... with rifting along the Red Sea. The shield contains the best‐ preserved and most widely exposed juvenile continental crust of Neoproterozoic age on Earth (e.g., Stern and Kröner, 1993; Stern and Abdelsalam, 1998), although some juvenile magmas contain older continental material of e ...
... with rifting along the Red Sea. The shield contains the best‐ preserved and most widely exposed juvenile continental crust of Neoproterozoic age on Earth (e.g., Stern and Kröner, 1993; Stern and Abdelsalam, 1998), although some juvenile magmas contain older continental material of e ...
Why the Philippine Sea Plate Moves as It Does
... is a combination of erosion and the fact that thrusting has propagated to the foreland. The Ganges River currently occupies the modern foreland of the Himalayas, and its alluvial basin is the detritus of the Himalayas, the foreland basin. These sediments will eventually be incorporated into the next ...
... is a combination of erosion and the fact that thrusting has propagated to the foreland. The Ganges River currently occupies the modern foreland of the Himalayas, and its alluvial basin is the detritus of the Himalayas, the foreland basin. These sediments will eventually be incorporated into the next ...
8 The dynamic Earth
... from subduction zones, where new rock is formed. Australia experiences relatively small earthquakes, weaknesses and movement within the Indo-Australian Plate. Most of Australia’s volcanoes erupted millions of years ago. The most recent eruption on the continent was Mount Gambier in South Australia, ...
... from subduction zones, where new rock is formed. Australia experiences relatively small earthquakes, weaknesses and movement within the Indo-Australian Plate. Most of Australia’s volcanoes erupted millions of years ago. The most recent eruption on the continent was Mount Gambier in South Australia, ...
Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes
... •This slow but incessant movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate). Slide 12. See Plate Tectonics Exercise 1. Slide 13. We are now going to discuss the processes that occur at plate tectonic boundaries. What happens whe ...
... •This slow but incessant movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate). Slide 12. See Plate Tectonics Exercise 1. Slide 13. We are now going to discuss the processes that occur at plate tectonic boundaries. What happens whe ...
Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes: Slide 1. Title
... •This slow but incessant movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate). Slide 12. See Plate Tectonics Exercise 1. Slide 13. We are now going to discuss the processes that occur at plate tectonic boundaries. What happens whe ...
... •This slow but incessant movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate). Slide 12. See Plate Tectonics Exercise 1. Slide 13. We are now going to discuss the processes that occur at plate tectonic boundaries. What happens whe ...
Lecture 6 - Mantle and Basalts
... which occur in the source region at relatively high concentrations, also contributes to generation of the plume. Melting of the rising plume probably involves adiabatic melting where the alkali olivine basalts are generated by low degrees of partial melting as the plume material at ~60 km below the ...
... which occur in the source region at relatively high concentrations, also contributes to generation of the plume. Melting of the rising plume probably involves adiabatic melting where the alkali olivine basalts are generated by low degrees of partial melting as the plume material at ~60 km below the ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.