Papers presented to the conference on Plateau Uplift, Mode and
... The basic result of fault-plane solutions and that of in situ-stress measurements is of great importance: they show wherever data is analysed - that globally consistent tectonic plates are not under tensile stress environments, but are exposed to horizontal compression. Especially, epeirogenic struc ...
... The basic result of fault-plane solutions and that of in situ-stress measurements is of great importance: they show wherever data is analysed - that globally consistent tectonic plates are not under tensile stress environments, but are exposed to horizontal compression. Especially, epeirogenic struc ...
Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: evidence
... 0.7045 (Rb=Sr ³ 0.030; [31]). Because Rb is more incompatible than Sr during partial melting in the mantle, the Rb=Sr ratio of the Koolau source should be lower than that measured in the lavas, so that the measured ratios place an upper bound on the source ratio. Other trace element ratios that are ...
... 0.7045 (Rb=Sr ³ 0.030; [31]). Because Rb is more incompatible than Sr during partial melting in the mantle, the Rb=Sr ratio of the Koolau source should be lower than that measured in the lavas, so that the measured ratios place an upper bound on the source ratio. Other trace element ratios that are ...
Bathymetry of Mariana trench-arc system and formation of the
... Figure 3. Inferred lithospheric sections (locations in Figure 1) showing the top of the subducting plate, the base of the overriding plate, and the coupling surface where these two lines meet. The top of the subducting plate is approximated from earthquake distributions taken from the catalog of the ...
... Figure 3. Inferred lithospheric sections (locations in Figure 1) showing the top of the subducting plate, the base of the overriding plate, and the coupling surface where these two lines meet. The top of the subducting plate is approximated from earthquake distributions taken from the catalog of the ...
Plate Tectonics
... The movement of plates on Earth causes forces that build up energy in rocks. The release of this energy can produce vibrations in Earth that you know as earthquakes. Earthquakes occur every day. Many of them are too small to be felt by humans, but each event tells scientists something more about the ...
... The movement of plates on Earth causes forces that build up energy in rocks. The release of this energy can produce vibrations in Earth that you know as earthquakes. Earthquakes occur every day. Many of them are too small to be felt by humans, but each event tells scientists something more about the ...
PDF (Chapter 9. The Source Region)
... Observations that have been used in support of an olivine-rich (>50 percent) source region for basalts-garnet peridotites are stable in the upper mantle, their bulk compositions are consistent with the materials forming the Earth, they are prominent among the recovered deep-seated samples, they are ...
... Observations that have been used in support of an olivine-rich (>50 percent) source region for basalts-garnet peridotites are stable in the upper mantle, their bulk compositions are consistent with the materials forming the Earth, they are prominent among the recovered deep-seated samples, they are ...
9.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
... Most divergent boundaries are spreading centers located along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Some spreading centers, however, occur on the continents. You can think of these plate boundaries as constructive plate margins because this is where new oceanic lithosphere is produced. When a spreading ce ...
... Most divergent boundaries are spreading centers located along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Some spreading centers, however, occur on the continents. You can think of these plate boundaries as constructive plate margins because this is where new oceanic lithosphere is produced. When a spreading ce ...
High School - Tsunami Awareness Program
... Earthquakes are as inescapable as the weather. Even Mars and the Moon have them. Here on Earth, seismologists report that every year there are a couple of million earthquakes strong enough to be felt, a thousand or so that can bring down chimneys, and about a dozen capable of producing disasters. On ...
... Earthquakes are as inescapable as the weather. Even Mars and the Moon have them. Here on Earth, seismologists report that every year there are a couple of million earthquakes strong enough to be felt, a thousand or so that can bring down chimneys, and about a dozen capable of producing disasters. On ...
Where and why do large shallow slab earthquakes occur?
... magnitudes larger than or equal to 7.0 and centroid or focal depths between 20 and 60 km. Moment magnitudes are used when available; if not, surface-wave magnitudes or their equivalents are used. We judge whether they occurred within a slab or not mainly based on their focal mechanisms, making refer ...
... magnitudes larger than or equal to 7.0 and centroid or focal depths between 20 and 60 km. Moment magnitudes are used when available; if not, surface-wave magnitudes or their equivalents are used. We judge whether they occurred within a slab or not mainly based on their focal mechanisms, making refer ...
Geology - Geostud
... Cassidy, 1996). Near-vertical seismic reflection profiling (e.g., Balling, 2000; van der Velden and Cook, 2005) provides the majority of these images, sometimes in combination with other seismological methods such as wide-angle seismic refraction (e.g., Clowes et al., 2010) or teleseismic receiver f ...
... Cassidy, 1996). Near-vertical seismic reflection profiling (e.g., Balling, 2000; van der Velden and Cook, 2005) provides the majority of these images, sometimes in combination with other seismological methods such as wide-angle seismic refraction (e.g., Clowes et al., 2010) or teleseismic receiver f ...
The Azores - Triple Junction and Hot spot
... characteristics of the Azores plateau. Earth and Planetaru Science Letters no 362, p. 258-271 • Babtiste, Allard, Coutinho, Rerreira, Fourré, Queiroz, Gaspar, 2009. Helium isotopes in hydrothermal volcanic fluids of the Azores archipelago • Einarsson, P., 2012. Lecture notes in Current Crustal. Univ ...
... characteristics of the Azores plateau. Earth and Planetaru Science Letters no 362, p. 258-271 • Babtiste, Allard, Coutinho, Rerreira, Fourré, Queiroz, Gaspar, 2009. Helium isotopes in hydrothermal volcanic fluids of the Azores archipelago • Einarsson, P., 2012. Lecture notes in Current Crustal. Univ ...
A case for mantle plumes
... Menard[5]). The reality of the age progression of the Hawaiian-Emperor island and seamount chain has by now been very well established quantitatively[6]. Morgan proposed there are about 20 plumes, and others have argued for 40 or more, although the case becomes less clear as weaker candidates are co ...
... Menard[5]). The reality of the age progression of the Hawaiian-Emperor island and seamount chain has by now been very well established quantitatively[6]. Morgan proposed there are about 20 plumes, and others have argued for 40 or more, although the case becomes less clear as weaker candidates are co ...
Module Development Template
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Proterozoic subduction-related and continental rift
... are not readily soluble in hydrous melts and fluids, and remain in the subducted slab12,13. This HFSE-enriched slab may descend to greater mantle depths and finally may serve as sources of OIB magmas11. Accessory minerals, including ilmenite, sphene, rutile, zircon and apatite, which retain HFSE eit ...
... are not readily soluble in hydrous melts and fluids, and remain in the subducted slab12,13. This HFSE-enriched slab may descend to greater mantle depths and finally may serve as sources of OIB magmas11. Accessory minerals, including ilmenite, sphene, rutile, zircon and apatite, which retain HFSE eit ...
Seismic evidence for a chemical heterogeneity in the midmantle: A
... [7] Theoretically, the x phase could be generated by a seismic anomaly near the source, receiver or somewhere between them. In the following subsections, we will determine the wave type (P or S) of the x phase and measure its slowness (incident angle), arrival time and arrival azimuth (back azimuth) ...
... [7] Theoretically, the x phase could be generated by a seismic anomaly near the source, receiver or somewhere between them. In the following subsections, we will determine the wave type (P or S) of the x phase and measure its slowness (incident angle), arrival time and arrival azimuth (back azimuth) ...
Mantle mixing - Earth and Environmental Sciences
... core of the convection cell this heterogeneity is barely deformed at all. The dramatic difference in mixing efficiency between two different heterogeneities with slightly different initial condition is maintained over long computational time in this convection model, as is illustrated in Figure 2. T ...
... core of the convection cell this heterogeneity is barely deformed at all. The dramatic difference in mixing efficiency between two different heterogeneities with slightly different initial condition is maintained over long computational time in this convection model, as is illustrated in Figure 2. T ...
The lowermost mantle beneath northern Asia—II. Evidence for lower
... models with and without a high velocity D layer suggest that there is a velocity discontinuity at the top of the D region and that the style of anisotropy is transversely isotropic in this region. Time separations between S-waves on the radial and transverse component show a weak trend where the ...
... models with and without a high velocity D layer suggest that there is a velocity discontinuity at the top of the D region and that the style of anisotropy is transversely isotropic in this region. Time separations between S-waves on the radial and transverse component show a weak trend where the ...
Traces of the crustal units and the upper-mantle
... we prepared a list of 101 earthquakes (EQs) with epicentral distances from 30 to 92 degrees (Artlitt, 1999; Sandoval, 2002), with respect to the central point at the Lithuanian– Polish border (coordinates 23 ◦ E and 54 ◦ N) and the magnitude range from 5.5 to 7.2 (Fig. 5). The higher and lower value ...
... we prepared a list of 101 earthquakes (EQs) with epicentral distances from 30 to 92 degrees (Artlitt, 1999; Sandoval, 2002), with respect to the central point at the Lithuanian– Polish border (coordinates 23 ◦ E and 54 ◦ N) and the magnitude range from 5.5 to 7.2 (Fig. 5). The higher and lower value ...
An Overview of the Structure and Evolution of the Ouachita Orogenic
... Ouachita Orogenic Belt We have used the velocity models derived from the PASSCAL Ouachita and Wichita uplift seismic experiments, COCORP reflection profiles, gravity and magnetic data, along with drilling and geological data in an integrated analysis of the deep structure of this region. ...
... Ouachita Orogenic Belt We have used the velocity models derived from the PASSCAL Ouachita and Wichita uplift seismic experiments, COCORP reflection profiles, gravity and magnetic data, along with drilling and geological data in an integrated analysis of the deep structure of this region. ...
A review of the isotopic and trace element evidence for
... reflects 4.5 billion years of geological evolution. While present plate tectonic processes (summed up as the “Wilson cycle”), driven by subduction and its consequent return flow, adequately explain much of the surface topography and composition of the crust and lithosphere, it is not known how plate ...
... reflects 4.5 billion years of geological evolution. While present plate tectonic processes (summed up as the “Wilson cycle”), driven by subduction and its consequent return flow, adequately explain much of the surface topography and composition of the crust and lithosphere, it is not known how plate ...
The OIB paradox - Do plumes exist?
... (Hémond et al., 1993; Thirlwall et al., 2004) but there is strong Pb-isotope and trace-element evidence that the depleted component is not derived from the ambient upper mantle but instead forms an intrinsic part of the Iceland plume (Thirlwall, 1995; Fitton et al., 1997, 2003). This being so, Icel ...
... (Hémond et al., 1993; Thirlwall et al., 2004) but there is strong Pb-isotope and trace-element evidence that the depleted component is not derived from the ambient upper mantle but instead forms an intrinsic part of the Iceland plume (Thirlwall, 1995; Fitton et al., 1997, 2003). This being so, Icel ...
tectonic models for the geological evolution of crust, cratons and
... lithosphere. Sedimentary successions in greenstone belts are comparable to those in Phanerozoic depositional basins, and preserve a record of sedimentation adjacent to oceanic islands, in calc-alkaline island arcs, in syn- to post-rift stable shelves, in foreland basins, and strike-slip pull-apart b ...
... lithosphere. Sedimentary successions in greenstone belts are comparable to those in Phanerozoic depositional basins, and preserve a record of sedimentation adjacent to oceanic islands, in calc-alkaline island arcs, in syn- to post-rift stable shelves, in foreland basins, and strike-slip pull-apart b ...
Subduction factory 2. Are intermediate
... [11] Fluid pressure can strongly influence the mechanical behavior of rocks; such fluid can come from in situ dehydration or be externally derived. It has been observed experimentally in numerous systems (e.g., amphibolite [Hacker and Christie, 1990], chlorite [Murrell and Ismail, 1976], gypsum [Ko ...
... [11] Fluid pressure can strongly influence the mechanical behavior of rocks; such fluid can come from in situ dehydration or be externally derived. It has been observed experimentally in numerous systems (e.g., amphibolite [Hacker and Christie, 1990], chlorite [Murrell and Ismail, 1976], gypsum [Ko ...
The Oceanic Lithosphere
... 2. Methods of Study of the Oceanic Lithosphere Geological observations.Geological observations both at the seafloor and at exposed pieces of oceanic lithosphere tectonically emplaced in continents (ophiolites) provide information on composition, structure and evolution. Seafloor observations include ...
... 2. Methods of Study of the Oceanic Lithosphere Geological observations.Geological observations both at the seafloor and at exposed pieces of oceanic lithosphere tectonically emplaced in continents (ophiolites) provide information on composition, structure and evolution. Seafloor observations include ...
Mantle convection models featuring plate tectonic behaviour
... and Canright, 1984; Nataf, 1991) - known in the literature as ‘stagnant-lid’ convection and discussed further in later sections.) In either case, the main characteristics of the Earth’s surface velocity field are absent; namely, a system featuring broad regions of nearly uniform velocity separated by ...
... and Canright, 1984; Nataf, 1991) - known in the literature as ‘stagnant-lid’ convection and discussed further in later sections.) In either case, the main characteristics of the Earth’s surface velocity field are absent; namely, a system featuring broad regions of nearly uniform velocity separated by ...
Convergent plate margin dynamics
... supercontinent, which he called Pangea. The continents were later separated from each other due to divergent motion between these landmasses. Wegener compiled much of the pre-drift geological data to show that the continuity of older structures, formations and fossil floras and faunas located along t ...
... supercontinent, which he called Pangea. The continents were later separated from each other due to divergent motion between these landmasses. Wegener compiled much of the pre-drift geological data to show that the continuity of older structures, formations and fossil floras and faunas located along t ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.