Plate tectonics
... crust is created at a rate of Crust - (2-4 cm per year) x 60,000 km = (2-3x10**[-5] km) x 60,000 km = 1.2-1.8 square kilometers per year How long does it take to replace all of the oceanic crust? The total surface area of the Earth is Area = 4 x pi x R**2 = 4 x pi x (6,400 km)**2 ===> Area = 5.1x10* ...
... crust is created at a rate of Crust - (2-4 cm per year) x 60,000 km = (2-3x10**[-5] km) x 60,000 km = 1.2-1.8 square kilometers per year How long does it take to replace all of the oceanic crust? The total surface area of the Earth is Area = 4 x pi x R**2 = 4 x pi x (6,400 km)**2 ===> Area = 5.1x10* ...
Earthquakes
... Most are so mild they can only be detected with sensitive seismometers. The most recent are a magnitude 3.5 quake in the Western Highlands on 23 January 2011, and a magnitude 3.6 in North Yorkshire on 3 January 2011. In February 2008, the biggest earthquake for 25 years struck near Market Rasen in L ...
... Most are so mild they can only be detected with sensitive seismometers. The most recent are a magnitude 3.5 quake in the Western Highlands on 23 January 2011, and a magnitude 3.6 in North Yorkshire on 3 January 2011. In February 2008, the biggest earthquake for 25 years struck near Market Rasen in L ...
6. A Pre-Assessment
... Earthquakes indicate plate movement along faults in California. Movement at plate boundaries produces different types of faults: normal, reverse/thrust, and strike-slip. Exposed rock layers indicate the type of fault. Magma reaches the surface through volcanic structures. Volcano eruptions can be of ...
... Earthquakes indicate plate movement along faults in California. Movement at plate boundaries produces different types of faults: normal, reverse/thrust, and strike-slip. Exposed rock layers indicate the type of fault. Magma reaches the surface through volcanic structures. Volcano eruptions can be of ...
Unit 5: Ocean Floor Structure and Plate Tectonics
... illustrates the basic set up of the ocean floor. Remember, however, that this is just an overall view of what exists. Continental Shelves – zones adjacent to a continent (or around an island) and extending from the low-water line to the depth, usually about 120 m, where there is a marked or rather s ...
... illustrates the basic set up of the ocean floor. Remember, however, that this is just an overall view of what exists. Continental Shelves – zones adjacent to a continent (or around an island) and extending from the low-water line to the depth, usually about 120 m, where there is a marked or rather s ...
Amphibious Array Arctic Beaufort Sea RoyOct7
... (e.g., Grantz et al., 1994; Houseknecht and Bird, 2011; see Figure 1). However, for the intervening 400 km wide coastal region extending from the sinistral Canning River Displacement Zone in eastern Alaska to the dextral Richardson-Eskimo (Husky) Lakes Fault zone at the eastern edge of the Mackenzie ...
... (e.g., Grantz et al., 1994; Houseknecht and Bird, 2011; see Figure 1). However, for the intervening 400 km wide coastal region extending from the sinistral Canning River Displacement Zone in eastern Alaska to the dextral Richardson-Eskimo (Husky) Lakes Fault zone at the eastern edge of the Mackenzie ...
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... Ocean spreading has always been moving the continents towards or away from each other. About 200 million years ago during the Jurassic period, Pangea began to separate (Figure 33). Pangea's continental crust was subjected to many faults and rifts. Hot magma would flow out, splitting the land apart a ...
... Ocean spreading has always been moving the continents towards or away from each other. About 200 million years ago during the Jurassic period, Pangea began to separate (Figure 33). Pangea's continental crust was subjected to many faults and rifts. Hot magma would flow out, splitting the land apart a ...
Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics
... unlikely that organisms traveled across the Atlantic… therefore, the continents must have been joined at some point ...
... unlikely that organisms traveled across the Atlantic… therefore, the continents must have been joined at some point ...
Earthquakes
... Energy is stored in rocks & released when they fracture, producing various types of waves that travel outward in all directions from their source. Most earthquakes (EQs) take place in well-defined zones at transform, divergent, and convergent plate boundaries. An EQ’s epicenter is found by analyzing ...
... Energy is stored in rocks & released when they fracture, producing various types of waves that travel outward in all directions from their source. Most earthquakes (EQs) take place in well-defined zones at transform, divergent, and convergent plate boundaries. An EQ’s epicenter is found by analyzing ...
File - The Building Blocks For Learning
... 2. The lithosphere moves over the asthenosphere. 3. An example of this is sea floor spreading. 4. The heat from the core heats the mantle causing convection currents 5. These convection currents move the lithosphere over the asthenosphere. 6. New crust forms from the material in the mantle/asthenosp ...
... 2. The lithosphere moves over the asthenosphere. 3. An example of this is sea floor spreading. 4. The heat from the core heats the mantle causing convection currents 5. These convection currents move the lithosphere over the asthenosphere. 6. New crust forms from the material in the mantle/asthenosp ...
types of plate boundaries 2014-2015
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MAGMA GENERATION, ASCENT
... If the rheology of the rocks at all points around the periphery of a magma body stalled at a rheological trap can support stresses, an excess pressure may be created in the magma body by density changes consequent on chemical evolution [1]. Such evolution would be the consequence of fractional cryst ...
... If the rheology of the rocks at all points around the periphery of a magma body stalled at a rheological trap can support stresses, an excess pressure may be created in the magma body by density changes consequent on chemical evolution [1]. Such evolution would be the consequence of fractional cryst ...
GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
... The Indonesian earthquake and tsunami on December 26, 2004, devastated parts of South and Southeast Asia, leaving more than 200,000 dead around the Indian Ocean. This was the most deadly natural disaster in recent years and the fourth most deadly since 1900. Even as efforts are made to assist the su ...
... The Indonesian earthquake and tsunami on December 26, 2004, devastated parts of South and Southeast Asia, leaving more than 200,000 dead around the Indian Ocean. This was the most deadly natural disaster in recent years and the fourth most deadly since 1900. Even as efforts are made to assist the su ...
Theory of Plate Tectonics
... continental plates collide (same densities) and push up the crust, they form mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. This is an example of uplift. No volcanoes form. There is little or no subduction to produce the high temperature required for melting the rocks. ...
... continental plates collide (same densities) and push up the crust, they form mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. This is an example of uplift. No volcanoes form. There is little or no subduction to produce the high temperature required for melting the rocks. ...
Vocabulary
... Slip Fault—the relative motion of one face of a fault relative to the other. Strain—change in the shape or volume of a material, often recorded in three-dimensions. Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original size and shape. For example, if a block 1 ...
... Slip Fault—the relative motion of one face of a fault relative to the other. Strain—change in the shape or volume of a material, often recorded in three-dimensions. Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original size and shape. For example, if a block 1 ...
phase_4_ip_for_sci101
... present sea floor is pushed aside making the cold and dense rocks to sink and melt becoming magma again. Sea floor spreading was developed due to the understanding of the plate tectonic theory. At this zone where two oceanic plates are moving away from each other, there is the formation of new crust ...
... present sea floor is pushed aside making the cold and dense rocks to sink and melt becoming magma again. Sea floor spreading was developed due to the understanding of the plate tectonic theory. At this zone where two oceanic plates are moving away from each other, there is the formation of new crust ...
Plate Tectonics
... There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crust, the giant Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic, and the tiny Turkish-Aegean Plate is entirely land. Of the nine major plates, six are named for the continents embedd ...
... There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crust, the giant Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic, and the tiny Turkish-Aegean Plate is entirely land. Of the nine major plates, six are named for the continents embedd ...
Planetary Interiors and Surfaces Part 1
... Earth is the only planet that shows (currently) plate tectonics, i.e. a permanent overturn of its oceanic parts and the drift of the continents. The rather stiff and brittle outermost part of the mantle including the overlying crust is called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into a numb ...
... Earth is the only planet that shows (currently) plate tectonics, i.e. a permanent overturn of its oceanic parts and the drift of the continents. The rather stiff and brittle outermost part of the mantle including the overlying crust is called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into a numb ...
Kein Folientitel
... the core is solid at the centre and liquid further out (and not vice versa). As the Earth cools and the core temperature drops, the inner core grows by freezing iron to its surface. The light element(s) is (are) expelled in this process. Their concentration in the fluid layer surrounding the inner c ...
... the core is solid at the centre and liquid further out (and not vice versa). As the Earth cools and the core temperature drops, the inner core grows by freezing iron to its surface. The light element(s) is (are) expelled in this process. Their concentration in the fluid layer surrounding the inner c ...
NICKEL - upmc impmc
... principally from the burning of oil, and have increased by a factor of >500 since the beginning of the Industrial revolution (Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001). Contributions to atmospheric Ni from smelting operations account for ca 10% of the total; they have declined in recent years due to better emis ...
... principally from the burning of oil, and have increased by a factor of >500 since the beginning of the Industrial revolution (Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001). Contributions to atmospheric Ni from smelting operations account for ca 10% of the total; they have declined in recent years due to better emis ...
Earthquakes: prediction, forecasting and mitigation
... gradually due to tectonic movement, usually along an existing geological fault. The crust’s response to changing stress is not linear (that is, it is not directly proportional, making prediction of behaviour more difficult), and is dependent on the crust’s complex and highly variable geology. As a r ...
... gradually due to tectonic movement, usually along an existing geological fault. The crust’s response to changing stress is not linear (that is, it is not directly proportional, making prediction of behaviour more difficult), and is dependent on the crust’s complex and highly variable geology. As a r ...
Cordilleran foreland vs hinterland deformation: Thermal controls of
... Thermal controls of foreland vs hinterland deformation Craton-Cordillera isostatic balance Along the length of the western Canada mountain belt, isostatic balance is maintained across the CratonCordillera thermal boundary by thermal expansion and density reduction of the lithosphere beneath the Cor ...
... Thermal controls of foreland vs hinterland deformation Craton-Cordillera isostatic balance Along the length of the western Canada mountain belt, isostatic balance is maintained across the CratonCordillera thermal boundary by thermal expansion and density reduction of the lithosphere beneath the Cor ...
Download PDF-format paper copies
... Fig. 1. (A) Cut-away of the 3D temperature field for a starting model seen from the Pacific hemisphere. (GEMLAB: Geodynamic Earth Model of Los Alamos and Berkeley). The model was obtained by imposing mid-Mesozoic plate motions until quasi steady-state was reached (see text). Blue is cold and red is ...
... Fig. 1. (A) Cut-away of the 3D temperature field for a starting model seen from the Pacific hemisphere. (GEMLAB: Geodynamic Earth Model of Los Alamos and Berkeley). The model was obtained by imposing mid-Mesozoic plate motions until quasi steady-state was reached (see text). Blue is cold and red is ...
Connections between the bulk composition, geodynamics and
... carbon burial, which are clear directions for future work under the changing tectonic and volcanic conditions we envisage. Seafloor weathering efficiency depends weakly on factors including ocean pH87, and more strongly on crustal production rates at mid-ocean ridges60 as well as mean ocean temperat ...
... carbon burial, which are clear directions for future work under the changing tectonic and volcanic conditions we envisage. Seafloor weathering efficiency depends weakly on factors including ocean pH87, and more strongly on crustal production rates at mid-ocean ridges60 as well as mean ocean temperat ...
Passing Plates II
... The one important finding by scientists about faults is that earthquakes tend to reoccur along faults. This makes sense because faults are areas where the earth's crust is the weakest. There used to be the belief that if stress were relieved on a fault, another earthquake would not occur. In fact, r ...
... The one important finding by scientists about faults is that earthquakes tend to reoccur along faults. This makes sense because faults are areas where the earth's crust is the weakest. There used to be the belief that if stress were relieved on a fault, another earthquake would not occur. In fact, r ...
2013年1月12日托福写作真题回忆
... far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They em ...
... far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They em ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.