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Chapter 8 Let`s take it from the top: the crust and upper mantle
... The crust The major divisions of the Earth's interior- crust, mantle and core - have been known from seismology for about 80 years . These are based on the reflection and refi·action of P- and S-waves. The boundary between the crust and mantle is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity (M-discontinuity ...
... The crust The major divisions of the Earth's interior- crust, mantle and core - have been known from seismology for about 80 years . These are based on the reflection and refi·action of P- and S-waves. The boundary between the crust and mantle is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity (M-discontinuity ...
Tethyan closure, Andean orogeny, and westward drift of the Pacific
... Pacific, slabs in the western Pacific are forced to advance toward upper plates because the eastern Pacific slabs are pushed westward. This cross-Pacific interaction provides an explanation for trench advance, which is observed in the western Pacific and is not easily explained by the local dynamics of s ...
... Pacific, slabs in the western Pacific are forced to advance toward upper plates because the eastern Pacific slabs are pushed westward. This cross-Pacific interaction provides an explanation for trench advance, which is observed in the western Pacific and is not easily explained by the local dynamics of s ...
The Río de la Plata Craton: a review of units, boundaries, ages and
... characterize the Piedra Alta Terrane of this craton. Crystallization ages between 2.2 and 2.1 Ga for the metamorphic protoliths and 2.1–2.0 Ga for the post-orogenic granitoids indicate juvenile crust, followed by a short period of crustal recycling. Cratonization of this terrane occurred during the ...
... characterize the Piedra Alta Terrane of this craton. Crystallization ages between 2.2 and 2.1 Ga for the metamorphic protoliths and 2.1–2.0 Ga for the post-orogenic granitoids indicate juvenile crust, followed by a short period of crustal recycling. Cratonization of this terrane occurred during the ...
a short story about the geological history of the pamir
... The largest faults of this system are a northwest trending dextral strik-slip fault located in the northwestern edge of the Tarim basin within the western Tien Shan and another dextral strikeslip fault on the southwestern margin of the basin along the Kunlun Shan. The first one has been reactivated ...
... The largest faults of this system are a northwest trending dextral strik-slip fault located in the northwestern edge of the Tarim basin within the western Tien Shan and another dextral strikeslip fault on the southwestern margin of the basin along the Kunlun Shan. The first one has been reactivated ...
KENT C. CONDIE
... are proposed that explain a great deal of the accumulated data. Physics and chemistry underwent such revolutions around the beginning of the twentieth century, whereas the Earth Sciences entered such a revolution in the late 1960s. As with scientific revolutions in other fields, new ideas and interp ...
... are proposed that explain a great deal of the accumulated data. Physics and chemistry underwent such revolutions around the beginning of the twentieth century, whereas the Earth Sciences entered such a revolution in the late 1960s. As with scientific revolutions in other fields, new ideas and interp ...
Dynamical geochemistry of the mantle
... The second argument is that seismic tomography detects subducted lithosphere extending from surface subduction zones through the transition zone and deep into the lower mantle (Grand et al., 1997). The associated mass flow implies that a compositional difference would be removed within less than a b ...
... The second argument is that seismic tomography detects subducted lithosphere extending from surface subduction zones through the transition zone and deep into the lower mantle (Grand et al., 1997). The associated mass flow implies that a compositional difference would be removed within less than a b ...
Origin of ocean island basalts: A new perspective from petrology
... and incompatible element abundances and ratios in many OIB suites, seamount lavas, and MORB [e.g., Saunders et al., 1988; Sun and McDonough, 1989; Niu and Batiza, 1997; Niu et al., 1999, 2002a] suggests that the source materials of these basalts are ancient and have developed their isotopic characte ...
... and incompatible element abundances and ratios in many OIB suites, seamount lavas, and MORB [e.g., Saunders et al., 1988; Sun and McDonough, 1989; Niu and Batiza, 1997; Niu et al., 1999, 2002a] suggests that the source materials of these basalts are ancient and have developed their isotopic characte ...
Flat versus steep subduction: Contrasting modes for the formation
... mantle (Fig. 2a). The subducting and overriding plates are highly coupled (i.e. interplate hydrostatic suction, Gutscher et al., 2000b; Shemenda, 1993). The subducting plate is then slightly up-bended (Fig. 2b,c) with indenting flatly along the low-viscosity zone at the bottom of the overriding litho ...
... mantle (Fig. 2a). The subducting and overriding plates are highly coupled (i.e. interplate hydrostatic suction, Gutscher et al., 2000b; Shemenda, 1993). The subducting plate is then slightly up-bended (Fig. 2b,c) with indenting flatly along the low-viscosity zone at the bottom of the overriding litho ...
Water transportation from the subducting slab into the mantle
... depends on the variation of P–T path along the slab surface. 4. T-distribution on the slab surface The fate of water in subducting oceanic lithosphere, thus, strongly depends on the T distribution in the subducting slab. For an accurate estimate, it is critical to apply a multi-disciplinary approach ...
... depends on the variation of P–T path along the slab surface. 4. T-distribution on the slab surface The fate of water in subducting oceanic lithosphere, thus, strongly depends on the T distribution in the subducting slab. For an accurate estimate, it is critical to apply a multi-disciplinary approach ...
Age, Origin and Emplacement of Diamonds
... which they crystallize, as well as the roclzs that brought them to the surface and in which they now are found as primary deposits. Clearly, such a broad survey is beyond the scope of this article. Therefore, we will focus on those aspects of diamond genesis that are of the greatest interest to gemo ...
... which they crystallize, as well as the roclzs that brought them to the surface and in which they now are found as primary deposits. Clearly, such a broad survey is beyond the scope of this article. Therefore, we will focus on those aspects of diamond genesis that are of the greatest interest to gemo ...
Chapter 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAD
... early Neoproterozoic-early Mesozoic multiperiodic orogenic system including Early Paleozoic intracontinental orogenic belts and Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental basins with Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental rift system and is divided into the major tectonic units: the early Paleozoic ...
... early Neoproterozoic-early Mesozoic multiperiodic orogenic system including Early Paleozoic intracontinental orogenic belts and Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental basins with Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental rift system and is divided into the major tectonic units: the early Paleozoic ...
majalah perdana
... summarized in Suasta and Sinugroho (2011). Exploration work on this project continued with further surface and drilling program by Augur Resources from Australia (Augur) that added more knowledge and understanding of the mineralization and prospectivity of the area. Much works have been concentrated ...
... summarized in Suasta and Sinugroho (2011). Exploration work on this project continued with further surface and drilling program by Augur Resources from Australia (Augur) that added more knowledge and understanding of the mineralization and prospectivity of the area. Much works have been concentrated ...
ON THE SCALE OF MANTLE CONVECTION The relative motion of
... the lattice itself. As a first approx~ation we may represent a vacancy as a spherical cavity in an elastic continuum. This approximation is suggested by the success of similar models in treating lattice defects (e.g. Narayan and Washburn, 1973), and its accuracy depends on the extent to which the di ...
... the lattice itself. As a first approx~ation we may represent a vacancy as a spherical cavity in an elastic continuum. This approximation is suggested by the success of similar models in treating lattice defects (e.g. Narayan and Washburn, 1973), and its accuracy depends on the extent to which the di ...
Lecture 19: Mantle Plumes - Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
... lithosphere with a distinctive isotopic signature and geochemists with a means of identifying continental lithosphere. In an earlier section, we discussed the hypothesis of McKenzie and O’Nions t h a t subcontinental lithosphere can delaminate and sink to the bottom of the mantle where it is incorpo ...
... lithosphere with a distinctive isotopic signature and geochemists with a means of identifying continental lithosphere. In an earlier section, we discussed the hypothesis of McKenzie and O’Nions t h a t subcontinental lithosphere can delaminate and sink to the bottom of the mantle where it is incorpo ...
Introduction to the Silurian
... The global standard stratigraphical scheme has a hierachy of divisions (Figure 1.2). Systems, series and stages are the divisions of rock bodies, whereas periods, epochs and ages are the corresponding divisions of geological time. The Silurian System is divided into four series, and all but one seri ...
... The global standard stratigraphical scheme has a hierachy of divisions (Figure 1.2). Systems, series and stages are the divisions of rock bodies, whereas periods, epochs and ages are the corresponding divisions of geological time. The Silurian System is divided into four series, and all but one seri ...
Evolution of mantle plumes and uplift of continents during the
... at the Earth’s surface to more than 4000◦ C at the coremantle boundary, and the pressure increases with depth by six orders of magnitude. Under these conditions (taking into account phase transformations, melting and solidification), the viscosity can vary in the mantle by more than 20 orders, from ...
... at the Earth’s surface to more than 4000◦ C at the coremantle boundary, and the pressure increases with depth by six orders of magnitude. Under these conditions (taking into account phase transformations, melting and solidification), the viscosity can vary in the mantle by more than 20 orders, from ...
Sedimentary record of the tectonic growth of a collisional continental
... sandstone. The overall stratigraphy of the Nutzotin Mountains sequence represents a general upward-shallowing and upward-coarsening package that represents a general transition from distal mud-rich submarine-fan strata to more proximal sand-rich submarine-fan strata that are in turn overlain by mari ...
... sandstone. The overall stratigraphy of the Nutzotin Mountains sequence represents a general upward-shallowing and upward-coarsening package that represents a general transition from distal mud-rich submarine-fan strata to more proximal sand-rich submarine-fan strata that are in turn overlain by mari ...
as a PDF
... regional foliation. According to these assemblages, especially the coexistence of andalusite and K-feldspar in the innermost part of the aureole, maximum pressures of no more than 2 kbar and temperatures between 500 and 6008C can be estimated for the contact aureole. Consequently, the Cardenchosa pl ...
... regional foliation. According to these assemblages, especially the coexistence of andalusite and K-feldspar in the innermost part of the aureole, maximum pressures of no more than 2 kbar and temperatures between 500 and 6008C can be estimated for the contact aureole. Consequently, the Cardenchosa pl ...
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 29/1-2, pp. 77-101
... The Caledonian orogeny in East Greenland was followed by sedimentation of Middle and Upper Devonian and Upper Carboniferous continental elastics in intramontane basins, forming sequences exceeding 12 km in stratigraphical thickness (Butler, 1959, 1961; Haller, 1970). In the Devonian, volcanism, fold ...
... The Caledonian orogeny in East Greenland was followed by sedimentation of Middle and Upper Devonian and Upper Carboniferous continental elastics in intramontane basins, forming sequences exceeding 12 km in stratigraphical thickness (Butler, 1959, 1961; Haller, 1970). In the Devonian, volcanism, fold ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
... Manganese deposits of diverse genetic types occur in the terrestrial geological record (Roy 1981). These were produced by direct hydrothermal activity, sedimentary processes, and continental weathering. Although the processes may be interrelated, each involves distinct mechanisms that place the depo ...
... Manganese deposits of diverse genetic types occur in the terrestrial geological record (Roy 1981). These were produced by direct hydrothermal activity, sedimentary processes, and continental weathering. Although the processes may be interrelated, each involves distinct mechanisms that place the depo ...
Bounds on the viscosity coefficient of continental lithosphere from
... crustal thickness in the central Andes varies between 70 km below the highest topography in the Eastern and Western Cordilleras and 59 to 64 km in the central Altiplano, suggesting that the region is in approximate Airy isostatic balance [Beck and Zandt, 2002; James, 1971; Yuan et al., 2002]. Seismi ...
... crustal thickness in the central Andes varies between 70 km below the highest topography in the Eastern and Western Cordilleras and 59 to 64 km in the central Altiplano, suggesting that the region is in approximate Airy isostatic balance [Beck and Zandt, 2002; James, 1971; Yuan et al., 2002]. Seismi ...
Provenance characteristics of the Brumunddal sandstone in the Oslo
... grains are well rounded, suggesting significant abration during transport (Fig. 3). A few grains giving Permian U-Pb ages are less well-abraded (Fig. 3e), but lack of rounding is not a universal feature of the youngest group of detrital zircons in the sandstone (compare Fig. 3e with Fig. 3f). Most g ...
... grains are well rounded, suggesting significant abration during transport (Fig. 3). A few grains giving Permian U-Pb ages are less well-abraded (Fig. 3e), but lack of rounding is not a universal feature of the youngest group of detrital zircons in the sandstone (compare Fig. 3e with Fig. 3f). Most g ...
Molnar, P., and C. N. Garzione (2007), Bounds on the viscosity coefficient of continental lithosphere
... crustal thickness in the central Andes varies between 70 km below the highest topography in the Eastern and Western Cordilleras and 59 to 64 km in the central Altiplano, suggesting that the region is in approximate Airy isostatic balance [Beck and Zandt, 2002; James, 1971; Yuan et al., 2002]. Seismi ...
... crustal thickness in the central Andes varies between 70 km below the highest topography in the Eastern and Western Cordilleras and 59 to 64 km in the central Altiplano, suggesting that the region is in approximate Airy isostatic balance [Beck and Zandt, 2002; James, 1971; Yuan et al., 2002]. Seismi ...
History of geology
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hutton_James_portrait_Raeburn.jpg?width=300)
The history of geology is concerned with the development of the natural science of geology. Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth. Throughout the ages geology provides essential theories and data that shape how society conceptualizes the Earth.