Oceans of the World Moody Gardens Education Department Curriculum
... An ocean is a large body of salt water on the earth's surface. At the present time, about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average depth of 13,124 feet (4003 m). This may sound like a lot of water, but if you compare it to the diameter of the earth, it is actually a ver ...
... An ocean is a large body of salt water on the earth's surface. At the present time, about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average depth of 13,124 feet (4003 m). This may sound like a lot of water, but if you compare it to the diameter of the earth, it is actually a ver ...
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
... nents to their present-day locations. Wegener amassed a similarities of fossils on these continents were due to the tremendous amount of geologic, paleontologic, and climaappearance and disappearance of the connecting land tologic evidence in support of continental drift, but the inibridges. tial re ...
... nents to their present-day locations. Wegener amassed a similarities of fossils on these continents were due to the tremendous amount of geologic, paleontologic, and climaappearance and disappearance of the connecting land tologic evidence in support of continental drift, but the inibridges. tial re ...
Caribbean Geology - An Introduction
... where man cannot venture far beneath the surface, and where light cannot penetrate more than about 100 m in any case. The invention of the sonic depth finder in the 1920s introduced a method which was not immediately used for general surveys, but which produced detailed depth profiles along the trac ...
... where man cannot venture far beneath the surface, and where light cannot penetrate more than about 100 m in any case. The invention of the sonic depth finder in the 1920s introduced a method which was not immediately used for general surveys, but which produced detailed depth profiles along the trac ...
The Effect of Salinity on the Wind
... the heat is lost, mainly off Japan. (The regions of gain and loss are shown in Fig. 1b, a map of heat fluxes across the ocean surface.) The wind-driven ventilated thermocline circulation determines the thermal structure of the upper ocean in the Tropics and subtropics. It essentially maps latitudina ...
... the heat is lost, mainly off Japan. (The regions of gain and loss are shown in Fig. 1b, a map of heat fluxes across the ocean surface.) The wind-driven ventilated thermocline circulation determines the thermal structure of the upper ocean in the Tropics and subtropics. It essentially maps latitudina ...
As major offshore player, drilling industry must
... the multi-sectoral ocean business community to catalyze global leadership and collaboration in ocean sustainability and corporate ocean responsibility. Extensive interaction with companies has leveraged involvement and in-kind support for the alliance and the basis of WOC membership. Interaction wit ...
... the multi-sectoral ocean business community to catalyze global leadership and collaboration in ocean sustainability and corporate ocean responsibility. Extensive interaction with companies has leveraged involvement and in-kind support for the alliance and the basis of WOC membership. Interaction wit ...
Worldwide distribution of ages of the continental lithosphere derived
... he computed the decrease in density that results from the extraction of basalt from a fertile (basalt rich) mantle and showed that this deficit is sufficient to prevent cratons from sinking. The subcrustal lithosphere of cratons is depleted and less dense than the primitive mantle, even though the roo ...
... he computed the decrease in density that results from the extraction of basalt from a fertile (basalt rich) mantle and showed that this deficit is sufficient to prevent cratons from sinking. The subcrustal lithosphere of cratons is depleted and less dense than the primitive mantle, even though the roo ...
Persistent organic pollutants in ocean sediments from the North
... significantly lower than those reported in 1993 [Strachan et al., 2001]. Table 2 provides contaminant concentrations in sediments from a number of studies around the Arctic, including an earlier investigation in the Mediterranean Sea. Importantly, data from the earlier CHINARE 3 campaign [Hong et al. ...
... significantly lower than those reported in 1993 [Strachan et al., 2001]. Table 2 provides contaminant concentrations in sediments from a number of studies around the Arctic, including an earlier investigation in the Mediterranean Sea. Importantly, data from the earlier CHINARE 3 campaign [Hong et al. ...
Mantle Meltıng Beneath Mıd-Ocean rıdges
... Figure 1 shows how rising mantle crosses the “solidus” (the transition from complete solid to partial melt) and melts progressively towards the surface. Note that because the mantle is a solid consisting of many different molecules, it does not melt entirely at a single temperature, but progressivel ...
... Figure 1 shows how rising mantle crosses the “solidus” (the transition from complete solid to partial melt) and melts progressively towards the surface. Note that because the mantle is a solid consisting of many different molecules, it does not melt entirely at a single temperature, but progressivel ...
Mantle Melting Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges The Harvard community
... Figure 1 shows how rising mantle crosses the “solidus” (the transition from complete solid to partial melt) and melts progressively towards the surface. Note that because the mantle is a solid consisting of many different molecules, it does not melt entirely at a single temperature, but progressivel ...
... Figure 1 shows how rising mantle crosses the “solidus” (the transition from complete solid to partial melt) and melts progressively towards the surface. Note that because the mantle is a solid consisting of many different molecules, it does not melt entirely at a single temperature, but progressivel ...
The seabed morphology of the hazel holme fracture zone and the
... The western NFB east of the arc and, in particular, the Hazel Holme Fracture Zone, are less well known. Most data have been collected by research vessels in transit, and there is little detailed bathymetry, only scattered dredging, and no seabed mapping west of longitude 172'E. Active spreading with ...
... The western NFB east of the arc and, in particular, the Hazel Holme Fracture Zone, are less well known. Most data have been collected by research vessels in transit, and there is little detailed bathymetry, only scattered dredging, and no seabed mapping west of longitude 172'E. Active spreading with ...
Geophysical insights into the Transition fault debate: Propagating
... a revised tectonic model for the Transition fault that uses evidence for an unusually thick Yakutat block, the presence of the 1987–1992 Gulf of Alaska earthquake sequence, and current plate motions to explain seismic and bathymetric observations of faulting. SEISMIC AND BATHYMETRIC DATA Methods In ...
... a revised tectonic model for the Transition fault that uses evidence for an unusually thick Yakutat block, the presence of the 1987–1992 Gulf of Alaska earthquake sequence, and current plate motions to explain seismic and bathymetric observations of faulting. SEISMIC AND BATHYMETRIC DATA Methods In ...
california state university, northridge rayleigh wave tomography
... North American plate from 37 to 30 Ma. The EPR spreading center approached the western continental boundary of North America because the subduction rate was faster than the spreading rate. The EPR subducted beneath southern California 30 Ma. After subduction of the EPR, rotation of land and Borderla ...
... North American plate from 37 to 30 Ma. The EPR spreading center approached the western continental boundary of North America because the subduction rate was faster than the spreading rate. The EPR subducted beneath southern California 30 Ma. After subduction of the EPR, rotation of land and Borderla ...
Plate Tectonics through Time Treatise on Geophysics, N. H. Sleep
... Earth’s interior. Thermal histories are paths on this graph. One model has a monotonic thermal history where the heat flow lies along the transition in branch jumps. The other model jumps between branches and has a nonmonotonic thermal history. Both models start at 2000 C at 4.5 Ga. The mantle cool ...
... Earth’s interior. Thermal histories are paths on this graph. One model has a monotonic thermal history where the heat flow lies along the transition in branch jumps. The other model jumps between branches and has a nonmonotonic thermal history. Both models start at 2000 C at 4.5 Ga. The mantle cool ...
12.710 – Problem Set 4 solutions 1. What is “the geothermal
... mineral/melt partition coefficients for olivine and plot normalized Ni concentration as a function of remaining melt fraction (i.e. ClNi/C0Ni versus f). In the context of the observed differences in the change of Th and Ni concentrations in the remaining magma during olivine crystallization, discuss ...
... mineral/melt partition coefficients for olivine and plot normalized Ni concentration as a function of remaining melt fraction (i.e. ClNi/C0Ni versus f). In the context of the observed differences in the change of Th and Ni concentrations in the remaining magma during olivine crystallization, discuss ...
hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr - HAL
... and slab tearing, which for the first time allow self-consistent reproduction of first-order Tethyan tectonic structures such as back-arc rifting and large-scale strike-slip faults accommodating continental escape. These models suggest that mantle flow due to slab rollback and tearing can modulate t ...
... and slab tearing, which for the first time allow self-consistent reproduction of first-order Tethyan tectonic structures such as back-arc rifting and large-scale strike-slip faults accommodating continental escape. These models suggest that mantle flow due to slab rollback and tearing can modulate t ...
Quantifying sea surface temperature ranges of the Arabian Sea for
... a multi-proxy approach, is generally accepted to result in the highest possible accuracy and precision for reconstructing past ocean surface-water temperatures. Multi-proxy reconstructions, however, require sufficient and well-suited material from an oceanic setting, where the different signal carri ...
... a multi-proxy approach, is generally accepted to result in the highest possible accuracy and precision for reconstructing past ocean surface-water temperatures. Multi-proxy reconstructions, however, require sufficient and well-suited material from an oceanic setting, where the different signal carri ...
The Subductability of Continental Lithosphere
... (1994) hypothesized about the settings in which subduction of continental derived materials would occur. These authors proposed active ocean ocean and ocean continent subduction zones as one potential environment, where significant amounts of sediments are being subducted into the mantle (e.g., Clif ...
... (1994) hypothesized about the settings in which subduction of continental derived materials would occur. These authors proposed active ocean ocean and ocean continent subduction zones as one potential environment, where significant amounts of sediments are being subducted into the mantle (e.g., Clif ...
plate tectonics
... Mid-ocean ridges form a continuous mountain chain winding around the globe through all ocean basins. They resemble the seams of a baseball. ...
... Mid-ocean ridges form a continuous mountain chain winding around the globe through all ocean basins. They resemble the seams of a baseball. ...
Origin and evolution of the lower crust in magmatic
... dense cumulates from the base of arc crust, foundering into less dense, underlying mantle peridotite, is likely, as supported by geochemical evidence from Talkeetna and Kohistan. Relamination of buoyant, subducting material—during sediment subduction, subduction erosion, arc-arc collision, and conti ...
... dense cumulates from the base of arc crust, foundering into less dense, underlying mantle peridotite, is likely, as supported by geochemical evidence from Talkeetna and Kohistan. Relamination of buoyant, subducting material—during sediment subduction, subduction erosion, arc-arc collision, and conti ...
Non-hotspot volcano chains from small
... Although most of the intraplate volcanism in ocean basins is expressed in linear chains, not all of these can be attributed to a stationary hotspot. Many ridges do not show a linear age-distance relationship predicted by the hotspot hypothesis - such as the Cook-Austal, Magellan or Line Islands, and ...
... Although most of the intraplate volcanism in ocean basins is expressed in linear chains, not all of these can be attributed to a stationary hotspot. Many ridges do not show a linear age-distance relationship predicted by the hotspot hypothesis - such as the Cook-Austal, Magellan or Line Islands, and ...
COLLIER, ROBERT W. Molybdenum in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
... the precision of this analysis. The maximum values in both profiles occur within the oxygen minima but these concentrations are within 4a of the mean value of all samples. A more precise analysis will be needed to verify and detail these changes. Four samples from the upper water column (at 10, 50, ...
... the precision of this analysis. The maximum values in both profiles occur within the oxygen minima but these concentrations are within 4a of the mean value of all samples. A more precise analysis will be needed to verify and detail these changes. Four samples from the upper water column (at 10, 50, ...
The Oceans - Academic Program Pages
... felt far from land: only when tsunamis reach the shallows do they build into monstrously tall walls of water. The Pacific is particularly prone to tsunamis because its underlying tectonic plates continually push under adjacent continents and seas at subduction zones. These collisions are marked by o ...
... felt far from land: only when tsunamis reach the shallows do they build into monstrously tall walls of water. The Pacific is particularly prone to tsunamis because its underlying tectonic plates continually push under adjacent continents and seas at subduction zones. These collisions are marked by o ...
28. Miocene Evaporates in Red Sea Cores, Their Relevance to the
... exist over the marginal zone. The upper profile (flight height 3658 m) acts as a natural filter, and only the larger features of the lower profile are seen. If the anomalies over the marginal zone are associated with oceanic crust formed by sea-floor spreading, as seems likely because of their symme ...
... exist over the marginal zone. The upper profile (flight height 3658 m) acts as a natural filter, and only the larger features of the lower profile are seen. If the anomalies over the marginal zone are associated with oceanic crust formed by sea-floor spreading, as seems likely because of their symme ...
seismic potential associated with subduction in the northwestern
... We have seen that there are systematic differences between subduction zones that are capable of great earthquakes and those that are not. The Juan de Fuca subduction zone has been ignored in the studies that established these differences. The Juan de Fuca subduction zone has been considered somewhat ...
... We have seen that there are systematic differences between subduction zones that are capable of great earthquakes and those that are not. The Juan de Fuca subduction zone has been ignored in the studies that established these differences. The Juan de Fuca subduction zone has been considered somewhat ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.