Continental Growth and Recycling in Convergent Orogens with
... basement are accreted to continents represent important sites of continental crustal growth and recycling. Crust accreted in these settings is dominated by an upper layer of recycled crustal and arc detritus (turbidites) underlain by a layer of tectonically imbricated upper oceanic crust and/or thin ...
... basement are accreted to continents represent important sites of continental crustal growth and recycling. Crust accreted in these settings is dominated by an upper layer of recycled crustal and arc detritus (turbidites) underlain by a layer of tectonically imbricated upper oceanic crust and/or thin ...
Evolution of mantle plumes and uplift of continents during the
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
... The paper presents results derived from numerical modeling of mantle heating and reorganization of mantle flows during assemblage of two continents and subsequent breakup of the supercontinent. The simplest mantle model consisting of an extended rectangular region filled with a viscous fluid heated ...
Evolution of the continental crust
... continental crust19. Calculations reveal that the upper crust reflects ,14% partial melting, or the analogous amount of fractional crystallization, of average new basaltic crust (Table 1). Inevitably, the residual composition is very different from the average lower crust in that it has strongly dep ...
... continental crust19. Calculations reveal that the upper crust reflects ,14% partial melting, or the analogous amount of fractional crystallization, of average new basaltic crust (Table 1). Inevitably, the residual composition is very different from the average lower crust in that it has strongly dep ...
Megaregolith evolution and cratering cataclysm models—Lunar
... hundreds of meters in 100 Myr or less, so that rocks placed in lunar near-surface layers before 4 Gyr ago would be rapidly pulverized into regolith dust on timescales <100 Myr, until the cratering rate dropped below a threshold value. (The actual model allows for finer grinding at the surface and co ...
... hundreds of meters in 100 Myr or less, so that rocks placed in lunar near-surface layers before 4 Gyr ago would be rapidly pulverized into regolith dust on timescales <100 Myr, until the cratering rate dropped below a threshold value. (The actual model allows for finer grinding at the surface and co ...
Mineralogy Petrology
... 1. Definition of a mineral A mineral is a naturally-occurring, homogeneous solid with a definite, but generally not fixed, chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. It is usually formed by inorganic processes. Let's look at the five parts of this definition: 1.) "Naturally occurring" m ...
... 1. Definition of a mineral A mineral is a naturally-occurring, homogeneous solid with a definite, but generally not fixed, chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. It is usually formed by inorganic processes. Let's look at the five parts of this definition: 1.) "Naturally occurring" m ...
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... with the Ontong Java Plateau is the best example of this mode. Spontaneous nucleation (SNSZ) results from gravitational instability of oceanic lithosphere and is required to begin the modern regime of plate tectonics. Lithospheric collapse initiates SNSZ, either at a passive margin or at a transform ...
... with the Ontong Java Plateau is the best example of this mode. Spontaneous nucleation (SNSZ) results from gravitational instability of oceanic lithosphere and is required to begin the modern regime of plate tectonics. Lithospheric collapse initiates SNSZ, either at a passive margin or at a transform ...
Isostasy, dynamic topography, and the elevation of the Apennines of
... 2. Isostasy, elevation and uplift rate The elevation of a mountain belt and rate of surface uplift are inherently linked, one being the time derivative of the other, and as such they represent the components of mountain belt dynamics that are sensitive to lithospheric structure and rates of change, ...
... 2. Isostasy, elevation and uplift rate The elevation of a mountain belt and rate of surface uplift are inherently linked, one being the time derivative of the other, and as such they represent the components of mountain belt dynamics that are sensitive to lithospheric structure and rates of change, ...
From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes: Numerical
... the Caribbean (Kerr et al., 1997; Kerr and Tarney, 2005) are believed to have formed through extensive accretion along its active margin. Schubert and Sandwell (1989) have estimated an upper bound to the continental crust addition rate by the accretion of all oceanic plateaus to be 3.7 km3/year, whi ...
... the Caribbean (Kerr et al., 1997; Kerr and Tarney, 2005) are believed to have formed through extensive accretion along its active margin. Schubert and Sandwell (1989) have estimated an upper bound to the continental crust addition rate by the accretion of all oceanic plateaus to be 3.7 km3/year, whi ...
Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
Exhumation processes - Perso-sdt
... 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA 4Department of Earth Science ...
... 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA 4Department of Earth Science ...
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... The behavior of the solid Earth system is often overlooked when the causes of major Neoproteozoic (1000–542 Ma) climate and biosphere events are discussed although ∼ 20% of the present continental crust formed or was remobilized during this time. Processes responsible for forming and deforming the c ...
... The behavior of the solid Earth system is often overlooked when the causes of major Neoproteozoic (1000–542 Ma) climate and biosphere events are discussed although ∼ 20% of the present continental crust formed or was remobilized during this time. Processes responsible for forming and deforming the c ...
13 Oxygen Isotopes in Zircon - University of Wisconsin
... A relatively new and very promising approach to zircon separation is the Electric Pulse Disintegration (EPD), which uses spark discharges of >100 kV to disaggregate a rock, largely along grain boundaries (Rudashevsky et al. 1995, Saint-Eidukat and Weiblen 1996). This technique can preserve delicate ...
... A relatively new and very promising approach to zircon separation is the Electric Pulse Disintegration (EPD), which uses spark discharges of >100 kV to disaggregate a rock, largely along grain boundaries (Rudashevsky et al. 1995, Saint-Eidukat and Weiblen 1996). This technique can preserve delicate ...
Composition of the Oceanic Crust - DukeSpace
... When Harry Hess first proposed the theory of seafloor spreading, he imagined that mantle peridotite upwelling at midocean ridges reacted with water to form a serpentinite oceanic crust (Hess, 1962). The seafloor spreading concept proved correct, but his original hypothesis missed one important point ...
... When Harry Hess first proposed the theory of seafloor spreading, he imagined that mantle peridotite upwelling at midocean ridges reacted with water to form a serpentinite oceanic crust (Hess, 1962). The seafloor spreading concept proved correct, but his original hypothesis missed one important point ...
A mantle convection perspective on global tectonics
... Čadek and Ricard, 1992; O’Connell et al., 1991; Olson and Bercovici, 1991). This holds substantial information about the mutual dynamics of the convecting mantle and the lithosphere (see Bercovici et al., 2015, for a review). Indeed, the poloidal component corresponds to the vertical and horizontal ...
... Čadek and Ricard, 1992; O’Connell et al., 1991; Olson and Bercovici, 1991). This holds substantial information about the mutual dynamics of the convecting mantle and the lithosphere (see Bercovici et al., 2015, for a review). Indeed, the poloidal component corresponds to the vertical and horizontal ...
Intrinsic versus extrinsic seismic anisotropy: The radial anisotropy in
... WANG ET AL.: INTRINSIC VERSUS EXTRINSIC ANISOTROPY ...
... WANG ET AL.: INTRINSIC VERSUS EXTRINSIC ANISOTROPY ...
Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large
... hotspot volcanism was generated at large-body impact sites and flood basalt volcanism was triggered antipodally by focused seismic energy [13,14]. This model has been challenged because impacts are generally considered seismically too inefficient [15], and the Deccan Traps of India were not antipoda ...
... hotspot volcanism was generated at large-body impact sites and flood basalt volcanism was triggered antipodally by focused seismic energy [13,14]. This model has been challenged because impacts are generally considered seismically too inefficient [15], and the Deccan Traps of India were not antipoda ...
extra revision sheet grade 7 Q 4 Multiple Choice Identify the choice
... 29. A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a ____________________. 30. One of the more common silicate minerals is ____________________, which is the main component of most rocks on Earth. 31. The measure of how much matter is in a given space is called ____________________. 32. Th ...
... 29. A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a ____________________. 30. One of the more common silicate minerals is ____________________, which is the main component of most rocks on Earth. 31. The measure of how much matter is in a given space is called ____________________. 32. Th ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... volume provide further evidence for the pervasive role played by this important physical property. Two papers in the volume focus on seismic imaging of lithospheric discontinuities and present a global overview of the processes of possible lithosphere basal erosion. The results reported in these 12 ...
... volume provide further evidence for the pervasive role played by this important physical property. Two papers in the volume focus on seismic imaging of lithospheric discontinuities and present a global overview of the processes of possible lithosphere basal erosion. The results reported in these 12 ...
compositional and thermal differences between lithospheric and
... Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of RAS, Irkutsk, Russia Abstract: The lower part of lithosphere in collisional orogens may delaminate due to density inversion between the asthenosphere and the cold thickened lithospheric mantle. Generally, standard delamination models have neglected ...
... Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of RAS, Irkutsk, Russia Abstract: The lower part of lithosphere in collisional orogens may delaminate due to density inversion between the asthenosphere and the cold thickened lithospheric mantle. Generally, standard delamination models have neglected ...
Contents and Preface
... book has a strong focus on the lithospheric mantle, while the crustal structure is discussed in significantly less detail. The motivation for this discrimination is that, owing to historical reasons, the crustal structure is much better known and is much better understood than the structure of the li ...
... book has a strong focus on the lithospheric mantle, while the crustal structure is discussed in significantly less detail. The motivation for this discrimination is that, owing to historical reasons, the crustal structure is much better known and is much better understood than the structure of the li ...
Magma genesis, plate tectonics, and chemical
... also provide clues about the nature of the source material at (volume 25, numbers 2, 3, 5, and 6, 1987). Volcanoes have played a significant role in the development depth. The theme common to the different parts of this review of geology sinceAbraham Werner at the beginning of the last relates to th ...
... also provide clues about the nature of the source material at (volume 25, numbers 2, 3, 5, and 6, 1987). Volcanoes have played a significant role in the development depth. The theme common to the different parts of this review of geology sinceAbraham Werner at the beginning of the last relates to th ...
Geology and petrology of the felsic intrusions in the
... I would also like to thank Professor Baudet of the RMCA. His knowledge of the study area and his expertise of GIS and mapping projects has been very helpful. Furthermore I also want to thank Professor Fernandez-Alonso, head of the geology department at the RMCA, for the collaboration with Ghent Univ ...
... I would also like to thank Professor Baudet of the RMCA. His knowledge of the study area and his expertise of GIS and mapping projects has been very helpful. Furthermore I also want to thank Professor Fernandez-Alonso, head of the geology department at the RMCA, for the collaboration with Ghent Univ ...
Age of the Earth
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.Following the development of radiometric age dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old. Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to those of other stars, it appears that the Solar System cannot be much older than those rocks. Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System – are 4.567 billion years old, giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth.It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.