Study Questions for Quiz #2
... 1) Which list shows the typical order for INCREASING density of the common states of matter? A) gas is denser than liquid is denser than solid B) liquid is denser than solid is denser than gas C) solid is denser than liquid is denser than gas D) solid is denser than gas is denser than liquid E) gas ...
... 1) Which list shows the typical order for INCREASING density of the common states of matter? A) gas is denser than liquid is denser than solid B) liquid is denser than solid is denser than gas C) solid is denser than liquid is denser than gas D) solid is denser than gas is denser than liquid E) gas ...
Upper mantle
... Provides thermal and mechanical energy for plate tectonics “Graveyard” for subducted slabssource of chemical heterogeneities? Origin of mantle plumes (near mantle core boundary) How does mantle heterogeneity survive convection? Single layer or double layer convection? Upper mantle Low velocity zone ...
... Provides thermal and mechanical energy for plate tectonics “Graveyard” for subducted slabssource of chemical heterogeneities? Origin of mantle plumes (near mantle core boundary) How does mantle heterogeneity survive convection? Single layer or double layer convection? Upper mantle Low velocity zone ...
Seismic wave speed structure of the Ontong
... data; the signal from earthquakes larger than Mw 5.5 are then removed from the time series. Using the one-day-long records, a cross correlation between station pairs is then calculated with one station acting as a “virtual” source. The cross correlated records are then summed into monthly stacks; th ...
... data; the signal from earthquakes larger than Mw 5.5 are then removed from the time series. Using the one-day-long records, a cross correlation between station pairs is then calculated with one station acting as a “virtual” source. The cross correlated records are then summed into monthly stacks; th ...
SUPERFAULTS AND PSEUDOTACHYLYTES
... minimum temperature needed to melt rock. Instead, the thermal conductivity of the rock around the fault allows the heat of friction to be transferred away from the surface. Rocks are converted to powder along the “regular fault” surface. However, a two-minute event on a “superfault” might have more ...
... minimum temperature needed to melt rock. Instead, the thermal conductivity of the rock around the fault allows the heat of friction to be transferred away from the surface. Rocks are converted to powder along the “regular fault” surface. However, a two-minute event on a “superfault” might have more ...
The Continental Drift Hypothesis Plate Tectonics
... factor is seafloor spreading. The rugged mountains that make up the mid-ocean ridge system can form in two different ways. Some form as large amounts of lava erupt from the center of the ridge. That lava cools and builds up around the ridge. Others form as the lava cools and forms new crust that cra ...
... factor is seafloor spreading. The rugged mountains that make up the mid-ocean ridge system can form in two different ways. Some form as large amounts of lava erupt from the center of the ridge. That lava cools and builds up around the ridge. Others form as the lava cools and forms new crust that cra ...
Percolating Through Volcanic Subsurface Rocks, Seawater is
... Fuca Ridge off the northwestern US coast, and one on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge about halfway between Florida and West Africa. The drill cores recovered from these sites allow scientists to study the variability in rock-water reactions that occur under the different physical and chemical conditions foun ...
... Fuca Ridge off the northwestern US coast, and one on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge about halfway between Florida and West Africa. The drill cores recovered from these sites allow scientists to study the variability in rock-water reactions that occur under the different physical and chemical conditions foun ...
Slide 1 - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... the similarity between the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa provided the first evidence that continents might once have been united and subsequently separated. ...
... the similarity between the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa provided the first evidence that continents might once have been united and subsequently separated. ...
Large Igneous Provinces, Delamination, and Fertile Mantle
... to bring up hot material adiabatically from depth until it melts; the other is to insert fertile material with a low melting point —delaminated lower arc crust, for example—into the mantle from above and allow the mantle to heat it up by conduction. Eclogite that was subsolidus at lower crustal dept ...
... to bring up hot material adiabatically from depth until it melts; the other is to insert fertile material with a low melting point —delaminated lower arc crust, for example—into the mantle from above and allow the mantle to heat it up by conduction. Eclogite that was subsolidus at lower crustal dept ...
How are igneous rocks formed?
... sedimentary rocks are formed in water. These rocks form from sediments that settle to the bottom of lakes, rivers, or oceans. Over millions of years, the sediments pile up in layers. Some sedimentary rock forms from sediments deposited by wind or glaciers . The layers of sediment may be hundreds of ...
... sedimentary rocks are formed in water. These rocks form from sediments that settle to the bottom of lakes, rivers, or oceans. Over millions of years, the sediments pile up in layers. Some sedimentary rock forms from sediments deposited by wind or glaciers . The layers of sediment may be hundreds of ...
GEO144_mid_term_I_so..
... (1) 2 pts. Phanerozoic, marine, sedimentary strata of the same age on different continents can usually be correlated by their fossil assemblages. T/F (1) 2 pts. The percentage of radioactive atoms that decay during one half-life is always the same. T/F (1) 2 pts. After two half-lives there is no lon ...
... (1) 2 pts. Phanerozoic, marine, sedimentary strata of the same age on different continents can usually be correlated by their fossil assemblages. T/F (1) 2 pts. The percentage of radioactive atoms that decay during one half-life is always the same. T/F (1) 2 pts. After two half-lives there is no lon ...
The uptake of Ti in experimentally grown, hydrothermal quartz
... low- to-medium enrichment. The Musalar pluton has high-K series and characterised by a calc-alkaline granodiorite-series trend. It is I-type and has volcanic-arc granitoids. Pluton is peraluminous with ratio of A/CNK > 1. The amethyst crystals size are between 0.3-1.5 cm, and have lilac colors. The ...
... low- to-medium enrichment. The Musalar pluton has high-K series and characterised by a calc-alkaline granodiorite-series trend. It is I-type and has volcanic-arc granitoids. Pluton is peraluminous with ratio of A/CNK > 1. The amethyst crystals size are between 0.3-1.5 cm, and have lilac colors. The ...
Major and Trace Element Composition of the Depleted MORB
... Ultimately, we know that this mantle, which comprises at least 30% by mass of the bulk silicate earth, has been depleted over time in the highly incompatible (lithophile) elements [1,1215]. Most models ascribe the depletion of the upper mantle to the extraction of the “enriched” continental crust, ...
... Ultimately, we know that this mantle, which comprises at least 30% by mass of the bulk silicate earth, has been depleted over time in the highly incompatible (lithophile) elements [1,1215]. Most models ascribe the depletion of the upper mantle to the extraction of the “enriched” continental crust, ...
A model for the layered upper mantle
... expected mantle temperatures are higher than the temperatures of the volatile solidus; hence, in the presence of volatiles, the mantle should be partially molten. Van den Berg et al. (1993) pointed out that the experimentally determined high melting temperatures of (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 perovskite (Zerr and ...
... expected mantle temperatures are higher than the temperatures of the volatile solidus; hence, in the presence of volatiles, the mantle should be partially molten. Van den Berg et al. (1993) pointed out that the experimentally determined high melting temperatures of (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 perovskite (Zerr and ...
Degree-1 mantle convection and the crustal dichotomy on Mars
... an endogenic origin for the dichotomy. However, degree-1 mantle convection that is required for any endogenic process to be viable cannot be produced with conventional mantle convection models [Schubert et al., 1990]. We have studied the role of radially stratified viscosity on mantle deformation by ...
... an endogenic origin for the dichotomy. However, degree-1 mantle convection that is required for any endogenic process to be viable cannot be produced with conventional mantle convection models [Schubert et al., 1990]. We have studied the role of radially stratified viscosity on mantle deformation by ...
Document
... Magmatic activity: the intrusion of melts at high values of stretching modifies the heat flow history and thermal subsidence at passive margins. Induced mantle convection: the stretching of the lithosphere may induce secondary mantle convection in the region of upwelled asthenosphere. Radiogen ...
... Magmatic activity: the intrusion of melts at high values of stretching modifies the heat flow history and thermal subsidence at passive margins. Induced mantle convection: the stretching of the lithosphere may induce secondary mantle convection in the region of upwelled asthenosphere. Radiogen ...
An Introduction to Geological Maps
... Geologists measure time in millions of years. A geological timescale or time line is used to show the age of the Earth from its 'birth', some 4600 million years ago, to the present day. Geologists use fossil evidence and/or radiometric dating to age the rocks. To make the geological timescale easier ...
... Geologists measure time in millions of years. A geological timescale or time line is used to show the age of the Earth from its 'birth', some 4600 million years ago, to the present day. Geologists use fossil evidence and/or radiometric dating to age the rocks. To make the geological timescale easier ...
Sedimentary Geology and Paleontology
... change through space and time. As a consequence depositional environments are clearly of limited lateral extent and may grade more or less sharply into one another. The change through time of prevailing physical, chemical, and biological conditions, on a local to global scale, leads to more or less ...
... change through space and time. As a consequence depositional environments are clearly of limited lateral extent and may grade more or less sharply into one another. The change through time of prevailing physical, chemical, and biological conditions, on a local to global scale, leads to more or less ...
MGS_ES_2_revised2
... The young collectors that we all hope to inspire may find nothing left when they are ready to go into the field unless steps are taken to conserve some of the minerals at the better collecting localities. If you find something you believe to be rare or in some other way of exceptional interest t sho ...
... The young collectors that we all hope to inspire may find nothing left when they are ready to go into the field unless steps are taken to conserve some of the minerals at the better collecting localities. If you find something you believe to be rare or in some other way of exceptional interest t sho ...
PDF
... Gondwana. In addition to thickening the EAO crust, this collision caused significant but unquantified along-strike transport of crust via tectonic escape (Stern, 1994). Both EAO segments were intruded by countless Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic plutons from ∼880 to ∼500 Ma. These igneous bodies an ...
... Gondwana. In addition to thickening the EAO crust, this collision caused significant but unquantified along-strike transport of crust via tectonic escape (Stern, 1994). Both EAO segments were intruded by countless Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic plutons from ∼880 to ∼500 Ma. These igneous bodies an ...
The Westward Drift of the Lithosphere: A rotational drag?
... As Jordan (1974) noted, the idea of tidal drag as the driving mechanism for plate tectonics is particularly intriguing (e.g., Bostrom, 1971; Moore, 1973) because it is energetically feasible. In fact the dissipation of energy by tidal friction is slightly larger (1.6 · 1019 J/yr) than the energy rel ...
... As Jordan (1974) noted, the idea of tidal drag as the driving mechanism for plate tectonics is particularly intriguing (e.g., Bostrom, 1971; Moore, 1973) because it is energetically feasible. In fact the dissipation of energy by tidal friction is slightly larger (1.6 · 1019 J/yr) than the energy rel ...
Table of Contents
... Student 2: But this ocean has a divergent boundary in the center. This means that rocks at E are really young. D is farthest from the divergent boundary, so that's where the oldest rocks are. With which student do you agree? Why? ...
... Student 2: But this ocean has a divergent boundary in the center. This means that rocks at E are really young. D is farthest from the divergent boundary, so that's where the oldest rocks are. With which student do you agree? Why? ...
Plate Tectonics Game Show
... A break in the Earth’s crust is called a _______ . A. fault line B. tsunamis C. compound fracture D. coffee break Click on the correct answer. ...
... A break in the Earth’s crust is called a _______ . A. fault line B. tsunamis C. compound fracture D. coffee break Click on the correct answer. ...
Mass balance related to UHP metamorphism in subduction zones
... - intermediate cases do almost not occur, because mantle dehydration and flush melting are coupled ...
... - intermediate cases do almost not occur, because mantle dehydration and flush melting are coupled ...
Age of the Earth
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.Following the development of radiometric age dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old. Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to those of other stars, it appears that the Solar System cannot be much older than those rocks. Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System – are 4.567 billion years old, giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth.It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.