Lipolysis Exposes Unreactive Endogenous Apolipoprotein E-3
... proteins were determined after SDS-PAGE of '25I-labeled lipoproteins and counting of gel slices. Preparation oflipolyzed VLDL. Lipolysis of human '25I-VLDL was achieved by in vitro incubation with bovine milk lipoprotein lipase as previously described (19). The incubation mixture contained VLDL (1- ...
... proteins were determined after SDS-PAGE of '25I-labeled lipoproteins and counting of gel slices. Preparation oflipolyzed VLDL. Lipolysis of human '25I-VLDL was achieved by in vitro incubation with bovine milk lipoprotein lipase as previously described (19). The incubation mixture contained VLDL (1- ...
RF3 Induces Ribosomal Conformational Changes Responsible for
... another in the interface between domains II and III (Figure 2A). To clarify the functional roles of these conserved surface regions, the RF3 variants H311A, R312A, E396A, Q445A, V448A, R452A, E456A, and Y457A were created by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in E. coli, and purified to homogeneit ...
... another in the interface between domains II and III (Figure 2A). To clarify the functional roles of these conserved surface regions, the RF3 variants H311A, R312A, E396A, Q445A, V448A, R452A, E456A, and Y457A were created by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in E. coli, and purified to homogeneit ...
Crosslinking Technical Handbook
... than in the typical protein research biology lab. For example, most commercially available, ready-to-use NHS ester crosslinkers and labeling reagents are manufactured using DCC. Because water is excluded, the resulting NHS ester can be prepared and stabilized as a dried powder without appreciable hy ...
... than in the typical protein research biology lab. For example, most commercially available, ready-to-use NHS ester crosslinkers and labeling reagents are manufactured using DCC. Because water is excluded, the resulting NHS ester can be prepared and stabilized as a dried powder without appreciable hy ...
Organization of Physical Interactomes as
... 13,16] to the tendency of certain types of proteins to work together, thereby shifting focus from the ‘‘syntax’’ of biological networks to their ‘‘semantics.’’ While from a graph-theoretic point of view one may think of network schemas as a generalization of network motifs, considering protein attri ...
... 13,16] to the tendency of certain types of proteins to work together, thereby shifting focus from the ‘‘syntax’’ of biological networks to their ‘‘semantics.’’ While from a graph-theoretic point of view one may think of network schemas as a generalization of network motifs, considering protein attri ...
PDF
... The Drosophila wing disc has been used as an excellent model to study the Hh signal transduction. Posterior (P) compartment cells in the wing discs secrete Hh protein that moves into the anterior (A) compartment and induces the expression of Hh target genes, such as dpp, ptc and engrailed (en), whic ...
... The Drosophila wing disc has been used as an excellent model to study the Hh signal transduction. Posterior (P) compartment cells in the wing discs secrete Hh protein that moves into the anterior (A) compartment and induces the expression of Hh target genes, such as dpp, ptc and engrailed (en), whic ...
Microbiology
... disrupted gene. Phage-resistant mutants R-165, ML-17, ML-41 and ML-64 were complemented with ompLC, hypothetical gene NT01EI_2881, psoB gene and porin thermoregulatory gene, envY, respectively, from their corresponding wild-type strains. In addition to complementation of the R-165 mutant with ompLC ...
... disrupted gene. Phage-resistant mutants R-165, ML-17, ML-41 and ML-64 were complemented with ompLC, hypothetical gene NT01EI_2881, psoB gene and porin thermoregulatory gene, envY, respectively, from their corresponding wild-type strains. In addition to complementation of the R-165 mutant with ompLC ...
Toxoplasma gondii Chitinase Induces Macrophage Activation
... enzyme implicated, or its origin, whether derived from the parasite or host cell. NAGase activity has also been detected in T. cruzi epimastigotes [30], but its biological role is unknown. Otherwise, chitinases from Leishmania spp. [12] and Plasmodium spp. [13] were reported to play important roles ...
... enzyme implicated, or its origin, whether derived from the parasite or host cell. NAGase activity has also been detected in T. cruzi epimastigotes [30], but its biological role is unknown. Otherwise, chitinases from Leishmania spp. [12] and Plasmodium spp. [13] were reported to play important roles ...
Axon Response to Guidance Cues Is Stimulated by
... should have a deficiency of extracellular acetylcholine. We found that mutations of cha-1, unc-17, and unc-104 that cause a reduction of function have AVM ventral axon guidance defects (Figure 2B). CHA-1 is a choline acetyltransferase and is expressed in ventral nerve cord cholinergic neurons (Alfons ...
... should have a deficiency of extracellular acetylcholine. We found that mutations of cha-1, unc-17, and unc-104 that cause a reduction of function have AVM ventral axon guidance defects (Figure 2B). CHA-1 is a choline acetyltransferase and is expressed in ventral nerve cord cholinergic neurons (Alfons ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
The COOH-terminal domain of agrin signals via a synaptic receptor
... see Hoch, 1999). Although a complete account of how agrin triggers such changes in AChR distribution has yet to be established, much of what we know about this process has been learned from structural studies of agrin and the proteins with which it interacts. Native agrin is an 400-kD heparan sulfa ...
... see Hoch, 1999). Although a complete account of how agrin triggers such changes in AChR distribution has yet to be established, much of what we know about this process has been learned from structural studies of agrin and the proteins with which it interacts. Native agrin is an 400-kD heparan sulfa ...
Glycogen Synthase Sensitivity to Insulin and Glucose-6
... important for regulation of glycogen synthase (4). At the NH2terminus, both Ser-7 (site 2) and Ser-10 (site 2a) influence glycogen synthase activity (5,6). Insulin administration causes dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and, consequently, activation of the enzyme. In one study, insulin treatmen ...
... important for regulation of glycogen synthase (4). At the NH2terminus, both Ser-7 (site 2) and Ser-10 (site 2a) influence glycogen synthase activity (5,6). Insulin administration causes dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and, consequently, activation of the enzyme. In one study, insulin treatmen ...
Glycation by Ascorbic Acid Causes Loss of Activity of Ribulose
... rates were evidently higher than those of glucose, another major candidate of glycation. The incorporation of [14C]AsA at 25°C, which is physiological temperature, was almost linear for 6 d and then nearly reached saturation, while the incorporation of [14C]AsA at 4°C was linear throughout the exper ...
... rates were evidently higher than those of glucose, another major candidate of glycation. The incorporation of [14C]AsA at 25°C, which is physiological temperature, was almost linear for 6 d and then nearly reached saturation, while the incorporation of [14C]AsA at 4°C was linear throughout the exper ...
BAG1, a negative regulator of Hsp70 chaperone activity, uncouples
... was incubated with either Hsp70, or Hsp70 and BAG-1 in the presence or absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP, Hsp70 forms a stable complex with [125I]RCMLA, as detected in the native gel assay (Figure 2, lane 2), that rapidly dissociates upon addition of ATP (Figure 2, lanes 4–9). In striking contra ...
... was incubated with either Hsp70, or Hsp70 and BAG-1 in the presence or absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP, Hsp70 forms a stable complex with [125I]RCMLA, as detected in the native gel assay (Figure 2, lane 2), that rapidly dissociates upon addition of ATP (Figure 2, lanes 4–9). In striking contra ...
Cell Calcium Viral calciomics: Interplays between Ca2+ and virus
... activation of IP3 R and release of Ca2+ from internal store. The decrease of ER Ca2+ concentration is subsequently sensed by the EF-hand-containing ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1, which in turn activates the CRAC channels through its direct interaction with the pore-forming subunit Orai1, followed by a second ...
... activation of IP3 R and release of Ca2+ from internal store. The decrease of ER Ca2+ concentration is subsequently sensed by the EF-hand-containing ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1, which in turn activates the CRAC channels through its direct interaction with the pore-forming subunit Orai1, followed by a second ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... that is one of the first events associated with FAK activation18. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) is related to FAK and shares a similar domain structure (FERM, kinase, proline-rich and FAT domains) as well as common phosphorylation sites (BOX 2). The binding of SFKs to PYK2 that is phosphoryl ...
... that is one of the first events associated with FAK activation18. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2) is related to FAK and shares a similar domain structure (FERM, kinase, proline-rich and FAT domains) as well as common phosphorylation sites (BOX 2). The binding of SFKs to PYK2 that is phosphoryl ...
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIRECT PHYSICAL CBP/p300
... immortal cells from primary bone marrow cultures (13,14). ...
... immortal cells from primary bone marrow cultures (13,14). ...
View PDF - Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... we tested the null hypothesis that SHH protein levels were symmetrical. In our experiments, there was no consistent bias for elevated (or reduced) amounts of SHH protein to the left or right forelimb (n = 87, P = 0.098, sign test) or hindlimb (n = 84, P = 0.543). The random distribution of elevated ...
... we tested the null hypothesis that SHH protein levels were symmetrical. In our experiments, there was no consistent bias for elevated (or reduced) amounts of SHH protein to the left or right forelimb (n = 87, P = 0.098, sign test) or hindlimb (n = 84, P = 0.543). The random distribution of elevated ...
Identification and characterization of novel interaction
... C-terminal domain of the α subunit of the RNA polymerase C-terminal domain of the α subunit of the RNA polymerase Adenosindiphosphate Ampicillin Adenosinmomophosphate Ammoniumperoxodisulfate Adenosintriphosphate Bacillus base pair bovine serum albumin casamino acids cyclic Adenosinmomophosphate Cata ...
... C-terminal domain of the α subunit of the RNA polymerase C-terminal domain of the α subunit of the RNA polymerase Adenosindiphosphate Ampicillin Adenosinmomophosphate Ammoniumperoxodisulfate Adenosintriphosphate Bacillus base pair bovine serum albumin casamino acids cyclic Adenosinmomophosphate Cata ...
Genome-wide Investigation of Cellular Functions for tRNA Nucleus
... tRNAs shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm and their distribution is nutrient-dependent. This newly discovered tRNA retrograde process is conserved from yeast to vertebrates. Although how exactly the tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is regulated is still under investigation, previous studies id ...
... tRNAs shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm and their distribution is nutrient-dependent. This newly discovered tRNA retrograde process is conserved from yeast to vertebrates. Although how exactly the tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is regulated is still under investigation, previous studies id ...
Annexin-Phospholipid Interactions. Functional Implications
... As previously mentioned, annexins are mainly characterized by their ability to reversibly interact with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but ...
... As previously mentioned, annexins are mainly characterized by their ability to reversibly interact with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but ...
LCAT activation by apoA-I in HDL3 exposed to HOCl or MPO
... – Synthesized by liver in response to inflammatory stimuli • SAA4 – Constitutively synthesized • Increased plasma levels predict CAD events • Apolipoproteins – Associate primarily with HDL ...
... – Synthesized by liver in response to inflammatory stimuli • SAA4 – Constitutively synthesized • Increased plasma levels predict CAD events • Apolipoproteins – Associate primarily with HDL ...
Development 128, 4439-4447 (2001)
... have been shown to cleave Sog/Chd at specific sites (Marqués et al., 1997; Piccolo et al., 1997; Goodman et al., 1998; Scott et al., 1999; Scott et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2000). Proteolytic cleavage of inactive Chordin/BMP complexes by Xolloid restores BMP signaling in Xenopus explants (Piccolo et al ...
... have been shown to cleave Sog/Chd at specific sites (Marqués et al., 1997; Piccolo et al., 1997; Goodman et al., 1998; Scott et al., 1999; Scott et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2000). Proteolytic cleavage of inactive Chordin/BMP complexes by Xolloid restores BMP signaling in Xenopus explants (Piccolo et al ...
Clostridium and Bacillus Binary Enterotoxins
... C. perfringens was first discovered in 1891 and consists of five serotypes (A–E), classically based upon four lethal, dermonecrotic toxins (α, β, ε and ι) neutralized by type-specific antiserum in animal assays [2,25–27]. Although not part of the typing scheme, sporulation-linked enterotoxin (C. per ...
... C. perfringens was first discovered in 1891 and consists of five serotypes (A–E), classically based upon four lethal, dermonecrotic toxins (α, β, ε and ι) neutralized by type-specific antiserum in animal assays [2,25–27]. Although not part of the typing scheme, sporulation-linked enterotoxin (C. per ...
METABOLIC CUES AND REGULATORY PROTEINS
... Legionella pneumophila likely resides within complex biofilm communities. However, when various freshwater protozoa ingest L. pneumophila, the microbes can efficiently establish an intracellular niche protected from digestion. Moreover, if humans inhale bacteria-laden aerosols, L. pneumophila can su ...
... Legionella pneumophila likely resides within complex biofilm communities. However, when various freshwater protozoa ingest L. pneumophila, the microbes can efficiently establish an intracellular niche protected from digestion. Moreover, if humans inhale bacteria-laden aerosols, L. pneumophila can su ...
Role of histone deacetylase 2 and its
... without correction, the function of the hypertrophied heart declines, leading to heart failure. Despite intensive management, heart failure is still one of the most common causes of death (4). To acquire proper functions, many proteins undergo modification after translation by enzymes, a process re ...
... without correction, the function of the hypertrophied heart declines, leading to heart failure. Despite intensive management, heart failure is still one of the most common causes of death (4). To acquire proper functions, many proteins undergo modification after translation by enzymes, a process re ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).