Igneous Rock
... Igneous rocks are classified two different ways: Where they were formed What they are made from (mineral composition) ...
... Igneous rocks are classified two different ways: Where they were formed What they are made from (mineral composition) ...
Large-Scale Thermo-chemical Structure of the Deep Mantle
... models (Ritsema et al. 2011) suggest that it may split into a western and an eastern province with a gap of several hundreds of kilometers in between. Both provinces have a trapezoidal shape, but the western region has stronger topography than the eastern region. Sharp boundaries at the southern ed ...
... models (Ritsema et al. 2011) suggest that it may split into a western and an eastern province with a gap of several hundreds of kilometers in between. Both provinces have a trapezoidal shape, but the western region has stronger topography than the eastern region. Sharp boundaries at the southern ed ...
Lecture 2.2 - Convergent plate boundaries
... Plate boundary where the sense of motion is convergent ...
... Plate boundary where the sense of motion is convergent ...
Earth,Tests,Ch1
... B) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. C) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates. D) None of the above they didn't really address the age of Earth. Answer: C Diff: 1 ...
... B) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. C) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates. D) None of the above they didn't really address the age of Earth. Answer: C Diff: 1 ...
SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES
... crust and upper mantle. The source of the molten rock, which geologists call magma, is actually not the center of the Earth, but primarily the top 100 km (crust and upper mantle) of the planet. Since we cannot drill holes this deep, volcanic rocks provide important information about rocks and proces ...
... crust and upper mantle. The source of the molten rock, which geologists call magma, is actually not the center of the Earth, but primarily the top 100 km (crust and upper mantle) of the planet. Since we cannot drill holes this deep, volcanic rocks provide important information about rocks and proces ...
Chapter 5: Mineral Resources of the Midwestern US
... can be a risky undertaking since several minerals react violently with water, and many more break down with exposure. A mineral’s streak is obtained by dragging it across a porcelain plate, effectively powdering it. The color of the powder eliminates conflating variables of external weathering, crys ...
... can be a risky undertaking since several minerals react violently with water, and many more break down with exposure. A mineral’s streak is obtained by dragging it across a porcelain plate, effectively powdering it. The color of the powder eliminates conflating variables of external weathering, crys ...
Powerpoint Presentation Physical Geology, 10/e
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth - Chapter 4
... Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes • Plate tectonics model accounts for the global distribution of earthquakes – Absence of deep-focus earthquakes along the oceanic ridge is consistent with plate tectonics theory (too warm) – Deep-focus earthquakes are closely associa ...
... Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes • Plate tectonics model accounts for the global distribution of earthquakes – Absence of deep-focus earthquakes along the oceanic ridge is consistent with plate tectonics theory (too warm) – Deep-focus earthquakes are closely associa ...
Subduction tectonics: Earthquake cycle and long
... Let’s quickly review the three end-member types of upper-plate deformation and their causes…. 1. Upper plate shortening (mountain building) - Possible causes: Rapid trenchward motion of upper plate, overrides subducting plate, associated with shallow subduction, deformation far inboard from trench. ...
... Let’s quickly review the three end-member types of upper-plate deformation and their causes…. 1. Upper plate shortening (mountain building) - Possible causes: Rapid trenchward motion of upper plate, overrides subducting plate, associated with shallow subduction, deformation far inboard from trench. ...
Isostasy and structure of the lower crust and upper mantle in the
... be complete at 52 km, the base of the thickest crust. However, it may only be complete at greater depths. Very little information is available about the upper mantle structure in the region. Drummond & others (1981) suggested that lateral chemical variations within the upper mantle could account for ...
... be complete at 52 km, the base of the thickest crust. However, it may only be complete at greater depths. Very little information is available about the upper mantle structure in the region. Drummond & others (1981) suggested that lateral chemical variations within the upper mantle could account for ...
Reheating of old oceanic lithosphere: Deductions from observations
... the deep ocean basins. This is most obvious in the western Pacific. Another reason is the increase in sediment thickness. This is prevalent in many parts of the Indian and Atlantic oceans, where passive continental margins abut the old seafloor. Therefore, the large topographic variance in old seafl ...
... the deep ocean basins. This is most obvious in the western Pacific. Another reason is the increase in sediment thickness. This is prevalent in many parts of the Indian and Atlantic oceans, where passive continental margins abut the old seafloor. Therefore, the large topographic variance in old seafl ...
Plate tectonics
... Plate Tectonics - evidence for theory of continental drift by Hess, Heezen and Tharp (1960’s) found lithospheres plate boundaries that can be 3 types: ...
... Plate Tectonics - evidence for theory of continental drift by Hess, Heezen and Tharp (1960’s) found lithospheres plate boundaries that can be 3 types: ...
Stratigraphy (GEOL 4/54070)
... (Assessment of the temporal and spatial relationships of sediments and rock strata) ...
... (Assessment of the temporal and spatial relationships of sediments and rock strata) ...
Earthquakes & Volcanoes
... • Earthquakes occur due to the elastic rebound theory; they are measured using the magnitude scale; they occur along plate boundaries; they cause ground motion, tsunamis, mass wasting, and liquefaction all of which may cause loss of life and damage to property • Volcanoes occur due to molten rock re ...
... • Earthquakes occur due to the elastic rebound theory; they are measured using the magnitude scale; they occur along plate boundaries; they cause ground motion, tsunamis, mass wasting, and liquefaction all of which may cause loss of life and damage to property • Volcanoes occur due to molten rock re ...
Igneous Rocks and Plate Boundaries
... lower crust and/or upper mantle need to melt in order to make magma. Once magma forms, it will try to rise from higher-pressure regions (deeper in the crust) to lower pressure areas (near Earth’s surface) because magma is less dense than solid rock. As magma rises, it cools. Most often, it cools and ...
... lower crust and/or upper mantle need to melt in order to make magma. Once magma forms, it will try to rise from higher-pressure regions (deeper in the crust) to lower pressure areas (near Earth’s surface) because magma is less dense than solid rock. As magma rises, it cools. Most often, it cools and ...
Mineral resources of igneous and metamorphic origin
... lower crust and/or upper mantle need to melt in order to make magma. Once magma forms, it will try to rise from higher-pressure regions (deeper in the crust) to lower pressure areas (near Earth’s surface) because magma is less dense than solid rock. As magma rises, it cools. Most often, it cools and ...
... lower crust and/or upper mantle need to melt in order to make magma. Once magma forms, it will try to rise from higher-pressure regions (deeper in the crust) to lower pressure areas (near Earth’s surface) because magma is less dense than solid rock. As magma rises, it cools. Most often, it cools and ...
Section 1 How and Where Earthquakes Happen
... Shadow Zones • When seismic waves travel through materials of different rigidity, they change in both speed and direction. • S waves do not reach the S wave shadow zone because cannot pass through the liquid outer core. • P waves do not reach the P wave shadow zone because of the way the P waves ben ...
... Shadow Zones • When seismic waves travel through materials of different rigidity, they change in both speed and direction. • S waves do not reach the S wave shadow zone because cannot pass through the liquid outer core. • P waves do not reach the P wave shadow zone because of the way the P waves ben ...
Power Point Presentation
... Plate Tectonics - evidence for theory of continental drift by Hess, Heezen and Tharp (1960’s) found lithospheres plate boundaries that can be 3 types: ...
... Plate Tectonics - evidence for theory of continental drift by Hess, Heezen and Tharp (1960’s) found lithospheres plate boundaries that can be 3 types: ...
Whole-mantle convection and plate tectonics
... uniform, contrary to a widely-held view, except possibly in the oceanic upper mantle. Phase changes may locally enhance or retard thermal convection, but are unlikely to prevent it. It is not necessary to assume that descending lithospheric slabs cannot penetrate below 700 km depth in order to expla ...
... uniform, contrary to a widely-held view, except possibly in the oceanic upper mantle. Phase changes may locally enhance or retard thermal convection, but are unlikely to prevent it. It is not necessary to assume that descending lithospheric slabs cannot penetrate below 700 km depth in order to expla ...
Lecture 20 - James J. Wray
... Figure 10.4. Dry peridotite solidus compared to several experiments on H2O-saturated peridotites. ...
... Figure 10.4. Dry peridotite solidus compared to several experiments on H2O-saturated peridotites. ...
Geophysics
Geophysics /dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks/ is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins go back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.