No Slide Title
... helping people prepare. • An area’s earthquake-hazard level is determined by past and present seismic activity. • Earthquake-resistant buildings, built in high risk areas, are slightly flexible so that they can sway with the ground motion preventing them from collapsing. Chapter menu ...
... helping people prepare. • An area’s earthquake-hazard level is determined by past and present seismic activity. • Earthquake-resistant buildings, built in high risk areas, are slightly flexible so that they can sway with the ground motion preventing them from collapsing. Chapter menu ...
North America Dynamics and Western US Tectonics
... [e.g., Fleitout, and Froidevaux, 1982]; the horizontal gradient of this integral through the lithosphere creates horizontal deviatoric stresses available for tectonic processes. When these stresses drive extension the processes is commonly referred to as gravitational collapse. The stress contributi ...
... [e.g., Fleitout, and Froidevaux, 1982]; the horizontal gradient of this integral through the lithosphere creates horizontal deviatoric stresses available for tectonic processes. When these stresses drive extension the processes is commonly referred to as gravitational collapse. The stress contributi ...
Negredo et al. Pamir subduction, EPSL, 259, 2007
... resolution. The results of these tests are directly related to the amount of rays that crisscross in different azimuths each cell of the model. Because the study region exhibits a high level of seismicity, we expect good resolution. The tests results are good at all depths, and the quality of the re ...
... resolution. The results of these tests are directly related to the amount of rays that crisscross in different azimuths each cell of the model. Because the study region exhibits a high level of seismicity, we expect good resolution. The tests results are good at all depths, and the quality of the re ...
The Kaapvaal craton (South Africa): no evidence for a supercontinental
... Neoarchaean system is made. A brief review of one of Earth’s oldest cratons, Kaapvaal, where accent is placed on the lithostratigraphic and geodynamic-chronological history of its cover rocks from ~3.1 – 2.05 Ga, forms the factual basis for this paper. The ~3.1-2.8 Ga Witwatersrand-Pongola (Supergro ...
... Neoarchaean system is made. A brief review of one of Earth’s oldest cratons, Kaapvaal, where accent is placed on the lithostratigraphic and geodynamic-chronological history of its cover rocks from ~3.1 – 2.05 Ga, forms the factual basis for this paper. The ~3.1-2.8 Ga Witwatersrand-Pongola (Supergro ...
Eurasia spreading basin to Laptev Shelf transition: structural pattern
... The heat-flow stations are located in an area of high sediment accumulation. Thus a correction for the reduced geothermal gradient owing to rapid sedimentation has to be applied. The average sedimentation rate can be deduced from the thickness and age of the sedimentary cover. As the heat-flow stati ...
... The heat-flow stations are located in an area of high sediment accumulation. Thus a correction for the reduced geothermal gradient owing to rapid sedimentation has to be applied. The average sedimentation rate can be deduced from the thickness and age of the sedimentary cover. As the heat-flow stati ...
22 Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
... Like the plate tectonic system, mantle plumes are a type of convection that slowly stirs the mantle. However, plate tectonics and mantle plumes are related to two distinct types of convection. One is the convection involved in plate motion, wherein material rises at divergent plate boundaries and de ...
... Like the plate tectonic system, mantle plumes are a type of convection that slowly stirs the mantle. However, plate tectonics and mantle plumes are related to two distinct types of convection. One is the convection involved in plate motion, wherein material rises at divergent plate boundaries and de ...
Volcanoes
... Most Active Volcanoes Kilauea (kee low AY ah), located in Hawaii, is the world’s most active volcano. For centuries, this volcano has been erupting, but not explosively. In May of 1990, most of the town of Kalapana Gardens was destroyed, but no one was hurt because the lava moved slowly and people c ...
... Most Active Volcanoes Kilauea (kee low AY ah), located in Hawaii, is the world’s most active volcano. For centuries, this volcano has been erupting, but not explosively. In May of 1990, most of the town of Kalapana Gardens was destroyed, but no one was hurt because the lava moved slowly and people c ...
Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, and Perisphere
... awayfrom spreading inducedupwelling. EM is therefore probably shallow. It is not known if volatiles and large-ion lithophiles can recycle much deeper than ---200km, or into the lower mantle, as is implied by someplume theories. The base of the (strong) lithosphere and plate may correspond to a phase ...
... awayfrom spreading inducedupwelling. EM is therefore probably shallow. It is not known if volatiles and large-ion lithophiles can recycle much deeper than ---200km, or into the lower mantle, as is implied by someplume theories. The base of the (strong) lithosphere and plate may correspond to a phase ...
the origin of modern chiapanecan volcanic arc in southern mexico
... Southern Mexico is a very interesting area where the subducting Cocos slab drastically changes its geometry: from a flat slab in Central Mexico to a ~ 45° dip angle beneath Chiapas. Also, the currently active volcanic arc, the modern Chiapanecan volcanic arc, is oblique and situated far inland from ...
... Southern Mexico is a very interesting area where the subducting Cocos slab drastically changes its geometry: from a flat slab in Central Mexico to a ~ 45° dip angle beneath Chiapas. Also, the currently active volcanic arc, the modern Chiapanecan volcanic arc, is oblique and situated far inland from ...
The October 20, 2011 Mw 5.1 Talala earthquake in the stable
... highs of Girnar mounts. Seismic reflections also indicate a fault in the area named Girnar Fault. Most of Saurashtra region including the Talala area is covered by Deccan Trap Basalt forming plateaus and conical ridges. There is no major fault within Saurashtra Peninsula though it is believed to hav ...
... highs of Girnar mounts. Seismic reflections also indicate a fault in the area named Girnar Fault. Most of Saurashtra region including the Talala area is covered by Deccan Trap Basalt forming plateaus and conical ridges. There is no major fault within Saurashtra Peninsula though it is believed to hav ...
Episodic Tremor and Slip
... Episodic Tremor and Slip often caused by traffic or wind. The timing of the seismic signal, the tremor, coincided with the timing of the slip. The key proof that it is indeed generated by a tectonic source is that the signals correlated at several stations over distances of up to 100 km (60 miles), ...
... Episodic Tremor and Slip often caused by traffic or wind. The timing of the seismic signal, the tremor, coincided with the timing of the slip. The key proof that it is indeed generated by a tectonic source is that the signals correlated at several stations over distances of up to 100 km (60 miles), ...
The regional tectonic setting and possible causes of Cenozoic
... result from one episode of deformation in one iomplex are identified as of a different age in another. The controversy surrounding tectonic significance is similar in that features that have been interpreted by some to be of compressional origin have been interpreted by others as extension-related. ...
... result from one episode of deformation in one iomplex are identified as of a different age in another. The controversy surrounding tectonic significance is similar in that features that have been interpreted by some to be of compressional origin have been interpreted by others as extension-related. ...
Introduction: Anatomy of rifting: Tectonics and magmatism in
... Eruptive centers along ridges form the longest continuous chain of volcanoes on our planet (Sandwell et al., 2014). Knowledge of fundamental processes such as melt production in the mantle, melt migration and ponding in the lithosphere, and melt injection into the upper crust is necessary to underst ...
... Eruptive centers along ridges form the longest continuous chain of volcanoes on our planet (Sandwell et al., 2014). Knowledge of fundamental processes such as melt production in the mantle, melt migration and ponding in the lithosphere, and melt injection into the upper crust is necessary to underst ...
PDF (Chapter 11. Evolution of the Mantle)
... Ridge. Dashed lines are plate boundaries. Circles in upper panel are hotspots. (Model from Nataf and others, 1986.) ...
... Ridge. Dashed lines are plate boundaries. Circles in upper panel are hotspots. (Model from Nataf and others, 1986.) ...
Where and why do large shallow intraslab earthquakes occur?
... was felt in a wide area, which is a characteristic feature of intraslab events in this area. The 1905 Geiyo earthquake (Event 4) occurred northwest of Shikoku. Close to the epicenter of this earthquake, a large earthquake (the 2001 Geiyo earthquake, Event 3, Mw 6.8) occurred on 24 March 2001 at a de ...
... was felt in a wide area, which is a characteristic feature of intraslab events in this area. The 1905 Geiyo earthquake (Event 4) occurred northwest of Shikoku. Close to the epicenter of this earthquake, a large earthquake (the 2001 Geiyo earthquake, Event 3, Mw 6.8) occurred on 24 March 2001 at a de ...
PLATE TECTONICS: Lecture 5
... component at mid-ocean ridges) is less dense and inherently more buoyant than normal fertile mantle. Thus it would rise if heated to same temperature as surrounding mantle. Such diapirs could in theory be derived from subducting lithosphere, although it is doubtful that subducting lithosphere could ...
... component at mid-ocean ridges) is less dense and inherently more buoyant than normal fertile mantle. Thus it would rise if heated to same temperature as surrounding mantle. Such diapirs could in theory be derived from subducting lithosphere, although it is doubtful that subducting lithosphere could ...
Bio 1309 Early Earth History 4 Billion Years old! Horrible Place!
... • Glacial deposits of till, of the same age and structure found on many separate continents that would have been together in the continent of Pangaea Slide 22 ...
... • Glacial deposits of till, of the same age and structure found on many separate continents that would have been together in the continent of Pangaea Slide 22 ...
Geophysics
Geophysics /dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks/ is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins go back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.