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... Use the figure for Exercises 9 and 10. In 2004, several nickels were minted to commemorate the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark’s expedition into the American West. One nickel shows a pipe and a hatchet crossed to symbolize peace between the American government and Native American tribes. 9. N ...
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... it comes into its own mid-20th century in the hands of Lev Pontrjagin and René Thom [T]. Poincaré originally tried to develop homology theory using smooth manifolds, but eventually simplices were used instead. Recall that a singular q-chain in a topological space S is a formal sum of continuous ma ...
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Dual space

In mathematics, any vector space V has a corresponding dual vector space (or just dual space for short) consisting of all linear functionals on V together with a naturally induced linear structure. Dual vector spaces for finite-dimensional vector spaces show up in tensor analysis. When applied to vector spaces of functions (which are typically infinite-dimensional), dual spaces are used to describe measures, distributions, and Hilbert spaces. Consequently, the dual space is an important concept in functional analysis.There are two types of dual spaces: the algebraic dual space, and the continuous dual space. The algebraic dual space is defined for all vector spaces. When defined for a topological vector space there is a subspace of this dual space, corresponding to continuous linear functionals, which constitutes a continuous dual space.
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