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Exercises in Algebraic Topology version of February
Exercises in Algebraic Topology version of February

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... If M ⊆ Rn is a submanifold of Rn , then it already comes equipped with a riemannian metric. Recall that in this case, Tx M is identified with a subspace of Rn , and we can simply take hv, wi = v.w, to be the restriction of the dot product on Rn . Thus, Rn is itself a riemannian manifold. So is also ...
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... li is a homogeneous linear form such that the kernel V (li ) of li is the hyperplane Hi . The derivation module D(A) is the S-module of all S-derivations θ such that for all i, θ(li ) is in the principal ideal hli i ⊆ S. If char P k = 0, this is equivalent to the single condition θ(Q) ∈ hQi. The Eul ...
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... From the point of the view of the field, Stokes’ theorem establishes the relationship between the field in the region and the field at the boundary of the region. The gradient, the divergence, or the curl is differential operator. They describe the change of the field about a point, and may be diffe ...
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... multiplication when n ≠ m, this proof is essentially the same as the proof above and I’m not going to write out the details. If this seems non-obvious you should try and write out a detailed proof. ...
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... matrix in FdW ×dV . This representation depends on the choice of bases for V and W . When F is a finite field (also the only case we consider), a random linear map from V → W can be sampled by picking an arbitrary basis for V and W and sampling a uniformly random matrix from FdW ×dV . The set of all ...
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... I start by briefly telling about myself. I was very lucky to be accepted to Moscow State University for undergraduate and, especially, for graduate studies in spite of the well-known Soviet policy of that time towards Jewish citizens. I finished studying in 1976, and got a Ph.D. the next year. (My s ...
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Dual space

In mathematics, any vector space V has a corresponding dual vector space (or just dual space for short) consisting of all linear functionals on V together with a naturally induced linear structure. Dual vector spaces for finite-dimensional vector spaces show up in tensor analysis. When applied to vector spaces of functions (which are typically infinite-dimensional), dual spaces are used to describe measures, distributions, and Hilbert spaces. Consequently, the dual space is an important concept in functional analysis.There are two types of dual spaces: the algebraic dual space, and the continuous dual space. The algebraic dual space is defined for all vector spaces. When defined for a topological vector space there is a subspace of this dual space, corresponding to continuous linear functionals, which constitutes a continuous dual space.
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