a post-Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory reassessment
... of a vastly improved gravitation field, especially over the nearside hemisphere of the Moon [20]. With these data, it was possible to create the first global crustal thickness models by assuming densities for the crust and mantle, combined with knowledge of the crustal thickness at one locale. Neuma ...
... of a vastly improved gravitation field, especially over the nearside hemisphere of the Moon [20]. With these data, it was possible to create the first global crustal thickness models by assuming densities for the crust and mantle, combined with knowledge of the crustal thickness at one locale. Neuma ...
The influence of crenulation cleavage development on the bulk
... to seismic anisotropy in the continental crust. Crenulation cleavage is one of the most common microstructural fabrics found in multiply-deformed, phyllosilicate-rich, crustal rocks. We calculated the bulk elastic properties and resulting wave velocities for rock samples that preserved three differe ...
... to seismic anisotropy in the continental crust. Crenulation cleavage is one of the most common microstructural fabrics found in multiply-deformed, phyllosilicate-rich, crustal rocks. We calculated the bulk elastic properties and resulting wave velocities for rock samples that preserved three differe ...
A model to explain the various paradoxes associated with mantle
... the 3Hey4He ratio in the newly formed crust and the original MORB reservoir (low 3HeyU) decline, but it stays high in the fluid inclusions. Midplate or new rift magmatism interacts with the shallow mantle, picking up large-ion lithophile elements, from recycling, and old trapped melts, and seawater ...
... the 3Hey4He ratio in the newly formed crust and the original MORB reservoir (low 3HeyU) decline, but it stays high in the fluid inclusions. Midplate or new rift magmatism interacts with the shallow mantle, picking up large-ion lithophile elements, from recycling, and old trapped melts, and seawater ...
Imaging the lithospheric structure beneath the Indian continent
... The Indian plate, since breakup from the Gondwanaland ~130 Ma ago, is quite unique compared to the other major Gondwana fragments—Australia, Africa, Antarctica, and South American plates. During the Cretaceous-Tertiary period, the Indian lithosphere separated from Antarctica-Australia at ~130 Ma, fr ...
... The Indian plate, since breakup from the Gondwanaland ~130 Ma ago, is quite unique compared to the other major Gondwana fragments—Australia, Africa, Antarctica, and South American plates. During the Cretaceous-Tertiary period, the Indian lithosphere separated from Antarctica-Australia at ~130 Ma, fr ...
Deep mantle heat flow and thermal evolution of the Earth`s core in
... 2001]. However, the most recent results suggest that MORB remains denser than pyrolite throughout the lower mantle [Ono et al., 2005]. To explore the effect of this uncertainty we adopt three different values of the compressibility of the pyroxenegarnet component in the lower mantle, resulting in th ...
... 2001]. However, the most recent results suggest that MORB remains denser than pyrolite throughout the lower mantle [Ono et al., 2005]. To explore the effect of this uncertainty we adopt three different values of the compressibility of the pyroxenegarnet component in the lower mantle, resulting in th ...
Wizard Test Maker
... Base your answers to questions 20 through 22 on the data table below, which gives information collected at seismic stations A, B, C, and D for the same earthquake. Some of the data has been deliberately omitted. ...
... Base your answers to questions 20 through 22 on the data table below, which gives information collected at seismic stations A, B, C, and D for the same earthquake. Some of the data has been deliberately omitted. ...
Geodynamics: Surviving mantle convection
... do not sink deep into the mantle but stack up7 at depths of around 800–1,200 km. These pieces of crust could be prevented from sinking further by a change in viscosity 8, ...
... do not sink deep into the mantle but stack up7 at depths of around 800–1,200 km. These pieces of crust could be prevented from sinking further by a change in viscosity 8, ...
Numerical and laboratory studies of mantle convection: Philosophy
... calculations are best thought of as ‘experiments’ in the same sense as laboratory experiments, rather than ‘simulations’, as the latter implies an attempt to simulate the real Earth, which is still some distance from what is numerically possible. Experimental studies, whether laboratory or computati ...
... calculations are best thought of as ‘experiments’ in the same sense as laboratory experiments, rather than ‘simulations’, as the latter implies an attempt to simulate the real Earth, which is still some distance from what is numerically possible. Experimental studies, whether laboratory or computati ...
Morphology of the distorted subducted Pacific slab beneath the
... images making smaller scale structures more difficult to resolve and made assumptions to simplify the modeling process. As technology and data quality has improved more recent studies have been able to define the geometry of the Japan–Kurile arc–arc junction in more detail using enhanced methodology ...
... images making smaller scale structures more difficult to resolve and made assumptions to simplify the modeling process. As technology and data quality has improved more recent studies have been able to define the geometry of the Japan–Kurile arc–arc junction in more detail using enhanced methodology ...
Draft 2.5 - posted 15 June 2014 /2500k
... Global volcanic eruptions of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) category 5>VEI≥6 also appear to be correlated to the MGC of drift direction. Three of these five eruptions occurred 6.6–12.0 years after site coincidence with the drift MGC, averaging 9.1 years afterward. The fourth, a 1902.8 eruption in ...
... Global volcanic eruptions of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) category 5>VEI≥6 also appear to be correlated to the MGC of drift direction. Three of these five eruptions occurred 6.6–12.0 years after site coincidence with the drift MGC, averaging 9.1 years afterward. The fourth, a 1902.8 eruption in ...
materials - A New Kind of Science
... oceans free surface or on interfaces within the ocean. The model introduced here arises by sequentially linking existing models from different disciplines together with some basic assumptions and applying the combined result to a complex geological problem. The Earth’s interior is simplified to a ba ...
... oceans free surface or on interfaces within the ocean. The model introduced here arises by sequentially linking existing models from different disciplines together with some basic assumptions and applying the combined result to a complex geological problem. The Earth’s interior is simplified to a ba ...
The role of water in connecting past and future episodes of
... shear zone whereas a dry lithosphere cannot. The effective viscosity in this shear zone dynamically drops to 1019 Pas. The hydrated lithosphere can yield along this weakened shear zone under less than 30 MPa (Regenauer-Lieb et al., 2001), breaking the lithosphere into two lithospheric plates. If one ...
... shear zone whereas a dry lithosphere cannot. The effective viscosity in this shear zone dynamically drops to 1019 Pas. The hydrated lithosphere can yield along this weakened shear zone under less than 30 MPa (Regenauer-Lieb et al., 2001), breaking the lithosphere into two lithospheric plates. If one ...
S Waves
... Earthquakes occur due to movements that take place within the Earth. Large pressures build up between huge plates of land both above and below the sea. The release of these pressures is accompanied by huge releases of energy as one land mass slides against another. ...
... Earthquakes occur due to movements that take place within the Earth. Large pressures build up between huge plates of land both above and below the sea. The release of these pressures is accompanied by huge releases of energy as one land mass slides against another. ...
Geomorphological processes - University of London International
... particular the issue of scale is of central concern, since different concepts are applicable to large-scale, intermediate-scale and small-scale landforms. Throughout all chapters we consider the sensitivity of landforms to change. We will also discuss the rate at which landforms change and how quick ...
... particular the issue of scale is of central concern, since different concepts are applicable to large-scale, intermediate-scale and small-scale landforms. Throughout all chapters we consider the sensitivity of landforms to change. We will also discuss the rate at which landforms change and how quick ...
304
... earth is of popular as well as scientific interest. The earliest known writings on natural science, in the 4th century BC by Aristotle and Herodotus, include observations of the earth’s surface. Leonardo da Vinci and others during the Renaissance tried to explain the origins of landforms, and Darwin ...
... earth is of popular as well as scientific interest. The earliest known writings on natural science, in the 4th century BC by Aristotle and Herodotus, include observations of the earth’s surface. Leonardo da Vinci and others during the Renaissance tried to explain the origins of landforms, and Darwin ...
Hydrated subducted crust at 100^250 km depth
... 250 km deep. At each subduction zone, recently deployed Global Seismic Network stations provide excellent samples of regional broadband waveforms for events between 1993 and 1997. Raypaths vary from 100 km to 1000 km in length, although most dispersion measurements are for paths 200^600 km long (Fig ...
... 250 km deep. At each subduction zone, recently deployed Global Seismic Network stations provide excellent samples of regional broadband waveforms for events between 1993 and 1997. Raypaths vary from 100 km to 1000 km in length, although most dispersion measurements are for paths 200^600 km long (Fig ...
M. Koch
... horizontal (Moho) or vertical (faults) boundaries, and of the data (station) coverage. Parametrization possible with a) blocks (no a priori smoothing) (ACH-method, SSH- method of the author, see References by the author M. Koch ) smoothing may occur a posteriori during the regularization (damping) o ...
... horizontal (Moho) or vertical (faults) boundaries, and of the data (station) coverage. Parametrization possible with a) blocks (no a priori smoothing) (ACH-method, SSH- method of the author, see References by the author M. Koch ) smoothing may occur a posteriori during the regularization (damping) o ...
History of geodesy
Geodesy (/dʒiːˈɒdɨsi/), also named geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth. The history of geodesy began in antiquity and blossomed during the Age of Enlightenment.Early ideas about the figure of the Earth held the Earth to be flat (see flat earth), and the heavens a physical dome spanning over it. Two early arguments for a spherical Earth were that lunar eclipses were seen as circular shadows which could only be caused by a spherical Earth, and that Polaris is seen lower in the sky as one travels South.