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Higher Unit 1
Higher Unit 1

... State that weight is a force and is the Earth’s pull on an object. Distinguish between mass and weight. State that weight per unit mass is called the gravitational field strength. Carry out calculations involving the relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength including situat ...
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... grouping of the electrons into orbitals (shells) - and the slight disbalances of charge, determined by the distribution and number of electrons in the shell, cause interatomic forces, which cause atoms to bind in molecules. Therefore, the number and distribution of the electrons in the shell – espec ...
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... In a vector diagram, the magnitude of a vector is represented by the size of the vector arrow. If the size of the arrow in each consecutive frame of the vector diagram is the same, then the magnitude of that vector is constant. The diagrams below depict the velocity of a car during its motion. In t ...
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... The previous equations are formed by the sum of two terms. The first one depends on the electric and magnetic properties of the scatterer. It is easy to demonstrate that when the optical constants of the particle verifies one of Kerker’s conditions, the first term of the equations is zero. On the ot ...
Hent pdf - contigalleri.dk
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electrostatics - Good Earth School
electrostatics - Good Earth School

... symmetry, we see that the magnitude of the E is the same everywhere on the surface of the sphere. The number of lines N that emerge from the charge is equal to the number that penetrates the spherical surface. Hence, the number of lines per unit area on the sphere is W/4  (where the surface area ...
Atomic Physics Notes
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... Unlike Isaac Newton, Kepler rightly insisted that the planetary orbits are primary, and that the mass of the planets was derived from the harmonically preformed orbits. This is precisely the conceptual framework from which the worK of B. Soldano must be viewed. Is it not obviously the ca_"e that if ...
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... Experimentally the interactions and dynamics in complex systems manifest themself in various types of traditional one-dimensional spectroscopies (as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy etc.). Phenomena such as line broadening and spectral shifts of the sp ...
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Chapter 16 Electric Charges, Electric Forces, and the Electric Field
Chapter 16 Electric Charges, Electric Forces, and the Electric Field

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Fundamental interaction



Fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions in physical systems that don't appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. Each one is understood as the dynamics of a field. The gravitational force is modeled as a continuous classical field. The other three are each modeled as discrete quantum fields, and exhibit a measurable unit or elementary particle.Gravitation and electromagnetism act over a potentially infinite distance across the universe. They mediate macroscopic phenomena every day. The other two fields act over minuscule, subatomic distances. The strong nuclear interaction is responsible for the binding of atomic nuclei. The weak nuclear interaction also acts on the nucleus, mediating radioactive decay.Theoretical physicists working beyond the Standard Model seek to quantize the gravitational field toward predictions that particle physicists can experimentally confirm, thus yielding acceptance to a theory of quantum gravity (QG). (Phenomena suitable to model as a fifth force—perhaps an added gravitational effect—remain widely disputed). Other theorists seek to unite the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory (GUT). While all four fundamental interactions are widely thought to align at an extremely minuscule scale, particle accelerators cannot produce the massive energy levels required to experimentally probe at that Planck scale (which would experimentally confirm such theories). Yet some theories, such as the string theory, seek both QG and GUT within one framework, unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything (ToE).
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