Transport Theory Breakdown of Onsager Symmetry in Neoclassical PFC/JA-82-31
... asymmetry in the explicit processes can be brought out by small modifications of the boundary layer particle dynamics. This can cause a breakdown of the symmetry when turbulence is present. Whereas neoclassical theory can be viewed as a collisional scattering from one global collisionless orbit to a ...
... asymmetry in the explicit processes can be brought out by small modifications of the boundary layer particle dynamics. This can cause a breakdown of the symmetry when turbulence is present. Whereas neoclassical theory can be viewed as a collisional scattering from one global collisionless orbit to a ...
Friction
... Objects on an incline will often stay put. There must be a force that holds the object in place. ...
... Objects on an incline will often stay put. There must be a force that holds the object in place. ...
Discussion Guide
... 7: What is an equipotential surface? 8: How can you tell the magnitude of an electric field by looking at its equipotential surfaces? 9: How can you tell the direction of an electric field by looking at its equipotential surfaces? ...
... 7: What is an equipotential surface? 8: How can you tell the magnitude of an electric field by looking at its equipotential surfaces? 9: How can you tell the direction of an electric field by looking at its equipotential surfaces? ...
Physics_A2_28_PointCharges
... If our test charge is in an electric field due to multiple charges each exerts a force. The resultant force per unit charge (F/q) gives the resultant field strength at the particular position of our test charge We can consider 3 scenarios: ...
... If our test charge is in an electric field due to multiple charges each exerts a force. The resultant force per unit charge (F/q) gives the resultant field strength at the particular position of our test charge We can consider 3 scenarios: ...
Fundamental interaction
Fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions in physical systems that don't appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. Each one is understood as the dynamics of a field. The gravitational force is modeled as a continuous classical field. The other three are each modeled as discrete quantum fields, and exhibit a measurable unit or elementary particle.Gravitation and electromagnetism act over a potentially infinite distance across the universe. They mediate macroscopic phenomena every day. The other two fields act over minuscule, subatomic distances. The strong nuclear interaction is responsible for the binding of atomic nuclei. The weak nuclear interaction also acts on the nucleus, mediating radioactive decay.Theoretical physicists working beyond the Standard Model seek to quantize the gravitational field toward predictions that particle physicists can experimentally confirm, thus yielding acceptance to a theory of quantum gravity (QG). (Phenomena suitable to model as a fifth force—perhaps an added gravitational effect—remain widely disputed). Other theorists seek to unite the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory (GUT). While all four fundamental interactions are widely thought to align at an extremely minuscule scale, particle accelerators cannot produce the massive energy levels required to experimentally probe at that Planck scale (which would experimentally confirm such theories). Yet some theories, such as the string theory, seek both QG and GUT within one framework, unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything (ToE).