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2. Planetary System Dynamics
2. Planetary System Dynamics

... particle’s motion is described by 4 parameters: x, dx/dt, y, dy/dt, but because of the Jacobi constant, the particle’s motion is confined to a surface in 4D space, so that for a given CJ just three of the parameters are needed to define particle, e.g., x, dx/dt, y •  The Poincare surface of section ...
me 231 engineering mechanics - Department of Mechanical
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... To set an object in motion, a force has to be exerted on it. Kinematics is the study of objects which are already in motion, disregarding the force that caused the motion in the first place. A study of the forces will be considered in Chapter 3. To describe the motion of an object, we need to specif ...
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the pdf of this lesson!
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E:\My Documents\snc1d\feb12notes.wpd

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... When the frequency of the driving force is near the natural frequency (w  w0) an increase in amplitude occurs. This dramatic increase in the amplitude is called resonance. The natural frequency w0 is also called the resonance frequency of the system. At resonance, the applied force is in phase ...
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Ch 6: Work and Energy

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Notes: Mechanics The Nature of Force, Motion & Energy

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Brownian motion



Brownian motion or pedesis (from Greek: πήδησις /pˈɪːdiːsis/ ""leaping"") is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the quick atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid. Wiener Process refers to the mathematical model used to describe such Brownian Motion, which is often called a particle theoryThis transport phenomenon is named after the botanist Robert Brown. In 1827, while looking through a microscope at particles trapped in cavities inside pollen grains in water, he noted that the particles moved through the water but was not able to determine the mechanisms that caused this motion. Atoms and molecules had long been theorized as the constituents of matter, and many decades later, Albert Einstein published a paper in 1905 that explained in precise detail how the motion that Brown had observed was a result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules. This explanation of Brownian motion served as definitive confirmation that atoms and molecules actually exist, and was further verified experimentally by Jean Perrin in 1908. Perrin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 ""for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter"" (Einstein had received the award five years earlier ""for his services to theoretical physics"" with specific citation of different research). The direction of the force of atomic bombardment is constantly changing, and at different times the particle is hit more on one side than another, leading to the seemingly random nature of the motion.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has numerous real-world applications. For instance, Stock market fluctuations are often cited, although Benoit Mandelbrot rejected its applicability to stock price movements in part because these are discontinuous.Brownian motion is among the simplest of the continuous-time stochastic (or probabilistic) processes, and it is a limit of both simpler and more complicated stochastic processes (see random walk and Donsker's theorem). This universality is closely related to the universality of the normal distribution. In both cases, it is often mathematical convenience, rather than the accuracy of the models, that motivates their use.
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