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Insects and Microbes
Insects and Microbes

... Prof. Abdelwahab A. Ibrahim Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University ...
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... endothelial cells. The adaptive immune system can respond to an invading organism or agent in the following different functional ways: a) a humoral immune response comprising an antibody reaction to an antigen on the surface of bacteria, viruses etc.; and b) a cellular immune response against antige ...
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... MPO knockout mice immunized with mouse MPO > formation of anti-MPO splenocytes and anti-MPO antibodies RAG-2 deficient mice (lacking T- and B- cells) that received anti-MPO splenocytes developed crescentic GN and systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Immunization with non-MPO antibody producing splenocyt ...
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... During this decade, the endogenous pyrogen derived from activated leukocytes and responsible for the febrile response during infection was purified, sequenced and the gene identified. With this information, this protein was renamed interleukin 1 (IL-1), the first of a number of peptide mediators wit ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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