Lymphatic System
... cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. The first line of defense is the skin, which protects the body from outside germs. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of this defense system. Two basic types of these germ-fighting cells: 1. Phagocytes- protect the b ...
... cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. The first line of defense is the skin, which protects the body from outside germs. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of this defense system. Two basic types of these germ-fighting cells: 1. Phagocytes- protect the b ...
Chapter 7
... Third line of defense: Cell-mediated immunity by T cells • Each T cell has a unique receptor called a TCR that will recognize a piece of an antigen with the help of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) • An APC engulfs an antigen, breaks it down and presents it on its surface in association with a membr ...
... Third line of defense: Cell-mediated immunity by T cells • Each T cell has a unique receptor called a TCR that will recognize a piece of an antigen with the help of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) • An APC engulfs an antigen, breaks it down and presents it on its surface in association with a membr ...
Document
... b. Monocytes circulate in blood, migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages; called different names in different tissues for example Kupffer cells in liver (see outline for more examples). Going from monocyte to macrophages causes an increase in cell size, receptors, opsonizing proteins ...
... b. Monocytes circulate in blood, migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages; called different names in different tissues for example Kupffer cells in liver (see outline for more examples). Going from monocyte to macrophages causes an increase in cell size, receptors, opsonizing proteins ...
1999 examination
... Latex bead agglutination may occur with IgM antibodies and soluble antigens if the antigens are first attached to latex beads. ...
... Latex bead agglutination may occur with IgM antibodies and soluble antigens if the antigens are first attached to latex beads. ...
Ch 6 Med Term and Ch 15 BS Lymphatic_ImmuneSystems
... – Filters foreign material and microorganisms from the blood – Is hemolytic: removes and destroys worn-out red blood cells – Maintains balance between red blood cells and plasma in the circulation as it stores extra RBC’s – Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (wbc) ...
... – Filters foreign material and microorganisms from the blood – Is hemolytic: removes and destroys worn-out red blood cells – Maintains balance between red blood cells and plasma in the circulation as it stores extra RBC’s – Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (wbc) ...
Cells of the immune system
... First some key definitions: Pathogen: microbe that causes disease Antigen: material (from a pathogen) that induces an immune response Innate (natural) immunity: rapid, non specific immune response Adaptive (acquired) immunity: slower, specific immune response Leukocytes: blood cells Lymphocytes: sp ...
... First some key definitions: Pathogen: microbe that causes disease Antigen: material (from a pathogen) that induces an immune response Innate (natural) immunity: rapid, non specific immune response Adaptive (acquired) immunity: slower, specific immune response Leukocytes: blood cells Lymphocytes: sp ...
Section 18 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn
... • Stem cells arise in the yolk sac membrane and migrate to the thymus and bursa at 5 to 7 days of incubation. • IgM+ lymphocytes are detected in the bursa by day 14. Antibodies are produced by 16 and 18d. • IgY+ lymphocytes develop on day 21 around the time of hatching. • IgA+ lymphocytes first appe ...
... • Stem cells arise in the yolk sac membrane and migrate to the thymus and bursa at 5 to 7 days of incubation. • IgM+ lymphocytes are detected in the bursa by day 14. Antibodies are produced by 16 and 18d. • IgY+ lymphocytes develop on day 21 around the time of hatching. • IgA+ lymphocytes first appe ...
Immunology and Cancer
... Antibody and complement Lymphokines and other cytokines Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T-Cells Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) Activated Killer Cells Activated macrophages Lymphokine-activated Lymphocytes Granulocytes Combined Humoral and Cell-mediated: Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxici ...
... Antibody and complement Lymphokines and other cytokines Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T-Cells Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) Activated Killer Cells Activated macrophages Lymphokine-activated Lymphocytes Granulocytes Combined Humoral and Cell-mediated: Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxici ...
AP immune
... • Recognition of an antigen • Rounds of cell division that form huge populations of lymphocytes • Specialization of lymphocytes into effector and memory ...
... • Recognition of an antigen • Rounds of cell division that form huge populations of lymphocytes • Specialization of lymphocytes into effector and memory ...
Monoclonal antibodies-anticancer therapy
... Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines. Isotypes According to differences in their heavy chain constant domains, immunoglobulins are grouped into five classes, or isotypes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG: IgG1 (66%), IgG2 (23%), IgG3 (7%) and IgG4 (4%) , bl ...
... Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines. Isotypes According to differences in their heavy chain constant domains, immunoglobulins are grouped into five classes, or isotypes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG: IgG1 (66%), IgG2 (23%), IgG3 (7%) and IgG4 (4%) , bl ...
08_Fact_Path_Vir_2_2014
... Damage as a result of defence reactions b) Injuries caused by specific immune reaction (immunopathological consequences of hypersensitivity) ...
... Damage as a result of defence reactions b) Injuries caused by specific immune reaction (immunopathological consequences of hypersensitivity) ...
Lymphatic System
... the formation of specific antibodies The antigenic determinant, a portion of the antigen, reacts with an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex The formation of the antigen-antibody complex ultimately leads to inactivation and removal of the antigen ...
... the formation of specific antibodies The antigenic determinant, a portion of the antigen, reacts with an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex The formation of the antigen-antibody complex ultimately leads to inactivation and removal of the antigen ...
Human Physiology - Daniela Sartori
... Activity is triggered by binding of antibodies to antigens (classic pathway) and by unique polysaccharide coating of bacteria (alternative pathway) Binding of antibodies to antigens does not by itself destroy antigens or pathogens Antibodies label targets for complement system attack and also sti ...
... Activity is triggered by binding of antibodies to antigens (classic pathway) and by unique polysaccharide coating of bacteria (alternative pathway) Binding of antibodies to antigens does not by itself destroy antigens or pathogens Antibodies label targets for complement system attack and also sti ...
IMMUNE DEFENCE - ASAB-NUST
... are unstable, activation of complement components are depressed complement levels in an individual may indicate that complement is being used up faster than it is being produced, suggesting chronic activation of complement perhaps resulting from continuous in vivo formation of antigen-antibody compl ...
... are unstable, activation of complement components are depressed complement levels in an individual may indicate that complement is being used up faster than it is being produced, suggesting chronic activation of complement perhaps resulting from continuous in vivo formation of antigen-antibody compl ...
The Immune System
... and cells that make up the interior of the thymus. MHC proteins are polymorphic and there are many alleles for MHC proteins. It is highly unlikely (with the exception of identical twins) that any two individuals have the same MHC proteins. ...
... and cells that make up the interior of the thymus. MHC proteins are polymorphic and there are many alleles for MHC proteins. It is highly unlikely (with the exception of identical twins) that any two individuals have the same MHC proteins. ...
Prof
... regulatory and inflammatory processes, and basic cellular survival functions (i.e. study T cellspecific deletions of effector cytokines, regulatory molecules and apoptosis genes). We will place a special emphasis on studying epigenetic modifications of Treg specific genes that result from our manipu ...
... regulatory and inflammatory processes, and basic cellular survival functions (i.e. study T cellspecific deletions of effector cytokines, regulatory molecules and apoptosis genes). We will place a special emphasis on studying epigenetic modifications of Treg specific genes that result from our manipu ...
Communicable/Infectious Disease
... against specific types of pathogens and keeps a record of those pathogens in case they return. ...
... against specific types of pathogens and keeps a record of those pathogens in case they return. ...
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
... Antibody classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE) IgM—can fix complement IgA—found mainly in mucus IgD—important in activation of B cell IgG—can cross the placental barrier and fix complement IgE—involved in allergies ...
... Antibody classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE) IgM—can fix complement IgA—found mainly in mucus IgD—important in activation of B cell IgG—can cross the placental barrier and fix complement IgE—involved in allergies ...
7-8 lectureTCR_L
... footpad of a C57BL/6 recipient. This was followed 6 hours later by i.v. co-injection of CD8+ T cells (green) and CD4+ T cells (red). ...
... footpad of a C57BL/6 recipient. This was followed 6 hours later by i.v. co-injection of CD8+ T cells (green) and CD4+ T cells (red). ...
Document
... Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis by which cells internalise solid matter, including microbial pathogens. While most cells are capable of phagocytosis, it is the professional phagocytes of the immune system, including macrophages, neutrophils and immature dendritic cells, that truly exc ...
... Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis by which cells internalise solid matter, including microbial pathogens. While most cells are capable of phagocytosis, it is the professional phagocytes of the immune system, including macrophages, neutrophils and immature dendritic cells, that truly exc ...
Chapter 11: Immunological Responses to Microbes
... - IL-2 (type 1 cytokine) required to activate cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - When viral particles bud from the cell antibodies or phagocytes effective Phagocytes, phagocytosis and cytokines - if virus is found in blood, lymph or interstitial fluid they may be phagocytosed - viruses only found in fluids d ...
... - IL-2 (type 1 cytokine) required to activate cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - When viral particles bud from the cell antibodies or phagocytes effective Phagocytes, phagocytosis and cytokines - if virus is found in blood, lymph or interstitial fluid they may be phagocytosed - viruses only found in fluids d ...
cells
... bound to a class II MHC molecule. The TH cell recognizes and interacts with the distinctive membrane molecules on lymphocytes. (a) B cells have about 100 000 molecules of membrane-bound antibody per cell. All the antibody molecules on a given B cell have the same antigenic Specificity and can intera ...
... bound to a class II MHC molecule. The TH cell recognizes and interacts with the distinctive membrane molecules on lymphocytes. (a) B cells have about 100 000 molecules of membrane-bound antibody per cell. All the antibody molecules on a given B cell have the same antigenic Specificity and can intera ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.