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25. A standardized direct contact challenge method for FMDV in swine
25. A standardized direct contact challenge method for FMDV in swine

... In this study we describe a methodology for direct contact transmission in pigs for two FMDV strains (serotypes A and O). For each strain experimental groups containing 4 pigs were exposed to directly inoculated pigs that had received 100 pig heel infectious doses 50 (PHID50) each by heel-bulb inocu ...
Ocular Inflammatory Diseases - Sight Loss and Vision Priority
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... checked and formatted into questions. Where there were duplicates, or very similar submissions, these were combined. The questions below are defined as uncertain because they cannot be answered by an up-to-date systematic review of relevant research evidence. You are being asked to choose and rank 1 ...
Neospora caninum infection in cattle
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... Some advisors recommend culling any cows that abort, as well as their offspring (provided that Neospora is confirmed as the cause). If the prevalence of Neospora is high, this may not be an option. If you are attempting to eradicate Neospora from your herd, you must be confident that the cattle are ...
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... challenge and soon recognized that by looking at the spoiled wines he could distinguish between the contaminants that caused the spoilage and even predict the taste of the wine solely from his microscopic observations. He then reasoned that if one were to heat the wine to a point where its flavor wa ...
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... requires negative-pressure isolation. One single case -> 10 to 20 others. No more than 20% of the population has any immunity from prior vaccination No acceptable treatment ...
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Globalization and disease

Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and geographic boundaries, has helped spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humans. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious disease.In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade in agricultural products has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers (see zoonosis).Globalization intensified during the Age of Exploration, but trading routes had long been established between Asia and Europe, along which diseases were also transmitted. An increase in travel has helped spread diseases to natives of lands who had not previously been exposed. When a native population is infected with a new disease, where they have not developed antibodies through generations of previous exposure, the new disease tends to run rampant within the population.Etiology, the modern branch of science that deals with the causes of infectious disease, recognizes five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne, by direct contact, and through vector (insects or other creatures that carry germs from one species to another). As humans began traveling over seas and across lands which were previously isolated, research suggests that diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.
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