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Thrombocytopenia: How Best to Determine the Cause
Thrombocytopenia: How Best to Determine the Cause

... Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia is common. One of the most frequently seen types is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (see Case 1 on page 114). In addition, antibodies to platelet surface antigens triggered by a blood transfusion can develop—primarily in multiparous women; this phenomenon i ...
prenatal development
prenatal development

Thesis - KI Open Archive
Thesis - KI Open Archive

... Factors of importance in this process were found to include interferon-γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E2, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). In addition, IDO was found to play a role in the DSC-mediated induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. The addition o ...
Blackcurrant phenolic extract induces hemeoxygenase
Blackcurrant phenolic extract induces hemeoxygenase

... Eosinophilic induced inflammation enhances the airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction observed in asthma (1). Inflammation cytokines liberated from the T-lymphocyte subset (Th2) during the course of asthma are instrumental in exacerbating its symptoms by promoting further eosinophilic induced infl ...
PDF - Leukaemia Foundation
PDF - Leukaemia Foundation

... – too many neutrophils (a type of white cell) in blood and bone marrow • Chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL) / hypereosinophilic syndrome – too many eosinophils (another type of white cell) in blood and bone marrow • Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) – too many monocytes (a type of white cell ...
Article 1: Review - Cigarette Smoking and Innate Immunity
Article 1: Review - Cigarette Smoking and Innate Immunity

Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function
Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function

... TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, and inhibitory molecules such as Tollinteracting protein have been shown to further restrict TLR signaling in IECs (5). Dysregulated TLR signaling in IECs may also be an important pathogenic factor in the development of chronic intestinal inflammation (12). Breaks within the i ...
CNS-CPC - Trinity College Dublin
CNS-CPC - Trinity College Dublin

... parasite at bay? CM is the result of an over-vigorous immune response originally evolved for the protection of the host. Evidence in support of this second hypothesis comes from studies in murine malaria models in which T cells, monocytes, adhesion molecules and cytokines, have been implicated in th ...
Deep Insight Section Th17 cells: inflammation and regulation in Oncology and Haematology
Deep Insight Section Th17 cells: inflammation and regulation in Oncology and Haematology

... CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in host defense, but are also recognized to have pathogenic roles such as in autoimmunity, asthma, cancer and allergic responses (Zhu et al., 2010). On activation by co-stimulatory molecules and particular cytokines, naïve CD4+ T cells can differentiate into the dist ...
Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by
Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by

... necrotic and apoptotic cells. Scavenger receptors recognize large negatively charged molecules such as phospholipids, LPS and teichoic acid and certain bacterial surface proteins (15, 16). ...
antigens
antigens

... Same or closely related Ags may occur in different species, classes & kingdoms Heterophile Ags e.g Weil – Felix reaction in typhus fever, Paul Bunnell test in Infectious mononuclosis. Weil-Felix :- sharing of carbohydrate hapten by certain strains (OX strain) of Proteus & ...
Suppression of adaptive immune responses during primary SIV
Suppression of adaptive immune responses during primary SIV

... escape.11,12 However, the potential potency of humoral immune responses has been demonstrated by complete protection of rhesus macaques from pathogenic SHIV89.6P challenge after passive transfer of broadly NAbs.13,14 Recently, a limited number of studies have evaluated the role of B cell–mediated im ...
Learning and Optimization Using the Clonal Selection Principle
Learning and Optimization Using the Clonal Selection Principle

... antibodies can not go down the hill. Receptor editing allows an antibody to take large steps through the landscape, landing in a locale where the affinity might be lower (Ab2). However, occasionally the leap will lead to an antibody on the side of a hill where the climbing region is more promising ( ...
Types of Immunity
Types of Immunity

Perforin activates clathrin- and dynamin
Perforin activates clathrin- and dynamin

Exploiting Immune Response Dynamics in HIV Therapy
Exploiting Immune Response Dynamics in HIV Therapy

... was the notion that patterns of interrupted treatment with anti-viral agents could ”auto-immunize” patients, boosting their adaptive immune system’s response to HIV to the point where it was capable of maintaining the virus at low levels without the need for continued use of the anti-viral agents. S ...
Monoclonal antibodies in ophthalmology
Monoclonal antibodies in ophthalmology

... of these enzymes can block this alternate salvage pathway necessary for the cell survival. The myeloma cells used for the purpose of monoclonal antibody production are HGPRT– so cannot grow by using the salvage pathway in HAT medium. Spleen cells (which have limited growth capacity) primed with part ...
Sleep April.indd
Sleep April.indd

... of APCs in T cell regulation and recent observations indicating that sleep increases type 1 cytokine activity in an undifferentiated monocyte population,13 so far there are no studies that have focused on specific subsets of APC precursors in peripheral blood as primary targets of sleep-associated ch ...
Mast Cell Activation and Migration to Lymph Nodes during
Mast Cell Activation and Migration to Lymph Nodes during

... primary antibodies; goat anti–mouse MIP-1a or MIP-1b (R&D Systems), and affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit anti–mouse mast cell protease-5 (mMCP-5) (40), for 1 h at room temperature, followed by HRP-conjugated donkey anti–goat IgG (Serotec, Australian Laboratory Services, Sydney, Australia) for 1 h ...
Staphylococcus aureus infection induces protein A–mediated
Staphylococcus aureus infection induces protein A–mediated

... and surface-bound virulence factor that is present on most clinical isolates and has been shown to disrupt the humoral immune response in mice (Falugi et al., 2013). SpA contains four or five immunoglobulin-binding domains capable of binding both the Fc of IgG antibodies (preventing opsonophagocytos ...
19-5 White Blood Cells
19-5 White Blood Cells

... sever HDN is anemic, and the high concentration of circulating bilirubin produces jaundice. Because the maternal antibodies remain active in the newborn for one to two months after delivery, the infant’s entire blood volume may require replacement to remove the maternal anti-Rh antibodies, as well a ...
Biology of Ovarian Cancer
Biology of Ovarian Cancer

... Development of cancer involves mutations that activate genes that are normally involved in • regulation of cell division and apoptosis, • inactivation of genes involved in protection against DNA damage or driving apoptosis. We can then use rational drug design targeting these signaling pathways. • T ...
The Jekyll and Hyde Functions of Caspases
The Jekyll and Hyde Functions of Caspases

... formed upon stimulation of the death receptors, and the inflammasomes, which are the protein complexes responsible for the activation of caspase-1. Once an appropriate proinflammatory cytokine, such as TNFa, engages a death receptor in the TNF receptor (TNF-R) superfamily, DISC formation is initiate ...
Trained immunity: a new avenue for tuberculosis vaccine development
Trained immunity: a new avenue for tuberculosis vaccine development

... as secondary lymph nodes are under-developed in the absence of gut microbiota [41]. What is the molecular substrate of innate immune memory? In multicellular organisms, all diploid cells share the same DNA and the phenotype of the individual cell types is directed by cell type-specific epigenetic ...
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONAL DISORDER IN
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONAL DISORDER IN

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Adoptive cell transfer

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the transfer of cells into a patient; as a form of cancer immunotherapy. The cells may have originated from the patient him- or herself and then been altered before being transferred back, or, they may have come from another individual. The cells are most commonly derived from the immune system, with the goal of transferring improved immune functionality and characteristics along with the cells back to the patient. Transferring autologous cells, or cells from the patient, minimizes graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or what is more casually described as tissue or organ rejection.
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