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Some important factors affecting fertility in sheep
Some important factors affecting fertility in sheep

... have the same influence, as selection, and the results attained in this manner are faster and more spectacular. Seeing that more multiple births occur under favorable conditions it is a very good method to identify ewes and rams which have genetic potential for fertility. ...
stasis, change, and functional constraint in the evolution of animal
stasis, change, and functional constraint in the evolution of animal

... animals has been an enduring source of controversy, and many zoologists are hoping that molecular evidence will help resolve questions about homology and homoplasy of traits that have been used to characterize taxa of high rank. Thus, even under this definition of body plan, one can find aspects of ...
A framework for comparing processes of speciation in the
A framework for comparing processes of speciation in the

... physiological architecture. An example might be male and female body size, or perhaps a male acoustic signal and female preference that share a common underlying oscillator (Butlin & Ritchie 1989). For such traits, pleiotropy will be common. Nevertheless, it is perfectly possible for them to be infl ...
The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits - AGRO
The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits - AGRO

... The developmental problems posed by gene and trait recombination. - In asexual organisms, mutations add variation sequentially, only rarely in parallel; the selection pressure to canalize traits against genetic perturbations will be steady but small. In sexual organisms, progeny encounter the proble ...
Genome Growth and the Evolution of the Genotype
Genome Growth and the Evolution of the Genotype

... properties of genotype-phenotype maps, and how these statistics would be expected to change in the course of the evolutionary construction of the genome toward ways that facilitate the generation of adaptive variants. There are two basic aspects to the idea of a genotype-phenotype map. One can think ...
Document
Document

... ABSTRACT Antagonistic pleiotropy (AP), the ability of a gene to show opposing effects in different phenotypes, has been identified in various life history traits and complex disorders, indicating its fundamental role in balancing fitness over the course of evolution. It is intuitive that natural selec ...
Magic traits - Nosil Lab of Evolutionary Biology
Magic traits - Nosil Lab of Evolutionary Biology

... evolution of reproductive isolation, see [3]). They specifically make two points: (i) effect size is absent from the current definition of a magic trait; and (ii) magic traits of weak effect may be unimportant in speciation. We address each of these points in turn. In general, definitions of biologi ...
Gene functional trade-offs and the evolution of pleiotropy
Gene functional trade-offs and the evolution of pleiotropy

... variety of reasons. For example, pleiotropy may stem from (i) the activity of two different enzymatic products coded by the gene (e.g., from alternative splicing of the coding sequence), which catalyze different reactions, (ii) different substrate affinities of a single enzymatic product catalyzing ...
Mar27-31
Mar27-31

... 1. Carriers of PKU (+/pku heterozygotes) have elevated phenylalanine levels --- BUT they do not develop PKU symptoms 2. Women who are PKU carriers have a much lower-than-average incidence of miscarriage 3. Ochratoxin A is a fungal poison known to cause spontaneous abortion. The fungi that produce th ...
Gene Functional Trade-Offs and the Evolution of Pleiotropy
Gene Functional Trade-Offs and the Evolution of Pleiotropy

... functional, leading to sensitive fitness functions, as seen in some cases of enzyme-mediated drug resistance (Zimmermann and Rosselet 1977; O’Loughlin et al. 2006; Brown et al. 2009). As motivating examples, we consider two specific scenarios. In the first, a gene product (cylinders in Figure 2A) is di ...
Sickle Cell Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis

... sequence and how that might affect hemoglobin’s ability to do its job. Sickle cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. The normal hemoglobin allele can be represented by “H” and the mutant allele can be represented by “h”. 13. If you have sickle cell disease, what is your genotype? _____ 14. If ...
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis

... completely how you know. Use a Punnett square if that helps you show the possibilities. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell disease is a disorder that affects the red blood cells. Red blood cells use a protein called hemoglobin to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Normally, red blo ...
Zebrafish Crossword Puzzles
Zebrafish Crossword Puzzles

... 6 A possible answer to a problem 8 Element in air and dissolved in water that both humans and fish need 9 These traits need two copies of their gene to be expressed 10 Unspecialized cells that can become any cell in the body (2 words) 11 A change in a gene, sometimes resulting in a trait different f ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Lee Lab
Lecture PPT - Carol Lee Lab

... (we are interested in fitness trade offs) • Mutations at single genes that cause high estrogen levels could increase fertility (trait 1), but also cause cell proliferation in breast and ovarian tissue (trait 2) leading to cancer (estrogen has many targets in the body, and many consequences) • In HIV ...
mutation-story-cystic
mutation-story-cystic

... better which is significant for thin flowing mucus. Transporting sodium ions is crucial for normal function of the lungs and pancreas. Unfortunately, there was a fault in me (CFTR gene) which causes my proteins to not work properly. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) occurred in Maddy’s body because 3 DNA nucleot ...
Final Test Study Guide Unit 4: Adaptation Knowledge
Final Test Study Guide Unit 4: Adaptation Knowledge

... Difference between inherited and acquired traits (Traits, 3/21) Understand how one broken gene can affect the whole body (Genes to Traits, 3/22) The differences and pros/cons of sexual and asexual reproduction (Passing on Traits, 3/23) Examples of organisms that use sexual vs. asexual reproduction ( ...
Lecture 030 - Beyond Mendel
Lecture 030 - Beyond Mendel

Human Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Human Autosomal Recessive Disorders

...  By 1 year of age, obvious signs of developmental delay are noticed  If untreated, eventually leads to severe mental retardation, slow growth rate, and an early death  Because tyrosine is needed for the body to produce melanin (tanning pigment), PKU patients tend to have lighter hair, eye, and sk ...
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Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits, an example being phenylketonuria, which is a human disease that affects multiple systems but is caused by one gene defect. Consequently, a mutation in a pleiotropic gene may have an effect on some or all traits simultaneously. Pleiotropic gene action can limit the rate of multivariate evolution when natural selection, sexual selection or artificial selection on one trait favours one specific version of the gene (allele), while selection on other traits favors a different allele. The underlying mechanism of pleiotropy in most cases is the effect of a gene on metabolic pathways that contribute to different phenotypes. Genetic correlations and hence correlated responses to selection most often exemplify pleiotropy.
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