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... As follows from Sec. 2, the modulation of spatial coherence may be achieved by transmitting the optical field through a thin diffusion screen with the complex amplitude transmittance which is randomly changed in time. Such a screen may be created in practice by means of the electrically controlled s ...
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... multiphase reaction system.6 Fig. 1(B) shows the fabrication sequence for this device. A layer of CVD oxide (1.5–2 mm) was first deposited and densified on the Si wafer. A mask with the patterns for the flow channel and inlet/outlet ports was used to pattern a layer of photoresist. We transferred th ...
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... New technologies such as organic semiconductors employ bottom-up processes to pattern them. Can make formation of films and structures much easier. Is more economical than top-down in that it does not waste material to etching. ...
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Silicon photonics



Silicon photonics is the study and application of photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium. The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometre precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometre wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in what (by analogy with a similar construction in microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI).Silicon photonic devices can be made using existing semiconductor fabrication techniques, and because silicon is already used as the substrate for most integrated circuits, it is possible to create hybrid devices in which the optical and electronic components are integrated onto a single microchip. Consequently, silicon photonics is being actively researched by many electronics manufacturers including IBM and Intel, as well as by academic research groups such as that of Prof. Michal Lipson, who see it is a means for keeping on track with Moore's Law, by using optical interconnects to provide faster data transfer both between and within microchips.The propagation of light through silicon devices is governed by a range of nonlinear optical phenomena including the Kerr effect, the Raman effect, two photon absorption and interactions between photons and free charge carriers. The presence of nonlinearity is of fundamental importance, as it enables light to interact with light, thus permitting applications such as wavelength conversion and all-optical signal routing, in addition to the passive transmission of light.Silicon waveguides are also of great academic interest, due to their ability to support exotic nonlinear optical phenomena such as soliton propagation.
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