Part 1
... detrimental. For example, with a CuL source, a 50 nm feature must be exposed at a mask-tosubstrate gap of less than about 4 µm in order to maintain good process latitude. A 25 nm feature would require a gap of 1 µm. For such very small features, we eliminate the gap and use contact between the subst ...
... detrimental. For example, with a CuL source, a 50 nm feature must be exposed at a mask-tosubstrate gap of less than about 4 µm in order to maintain good process latitude. A 25 nm feature would require a gap of 1 µm. For such very small features, we eliminate the gap and use contact between the subst ...
Introduction to Adaptive Optics and Deformable
... Understanding Wavefronts | Adaptive Optical Elements and Systems | Key Parameters| Applications In optical systems misalignment of components, imperfections in elements, or aberrations can internally reduce performance, while heat and atmosphere can Deformable Mirrors externally reduce performance. ...
... Understanding Wavefronts | Adaptive Optical Elements and Systems | Key Parameters| Applications In optical systems misalignment of components, imperfections in elements, or aberrations can internally reduce performance, while heat and atmosphere can Deformable Mirrors externally reduce performance. ...
d) Laser system and its applications Question Bank
... Q.14: Derive the Planck’s radiation formula and show that the Rayleigh-Jeans law can be obtained from it as a limiting form. Q.15: Obtain Wien’s displacement law using the Planck’s radiation formula. Show that the total energy density for a black-body radiation is proportional to T4. Q.16: Derive t ...
... Q.14: Derive the Planck’s radiation formula and show that the Rayleigh-Jeans law can be obtained from it as a limiting form. Q.15: Obtain Wien’s displacement law using the Planck’s radiation formula. Show that the total energy density for a black-body radiation is proportional to T4. Q.16: Derive t ...
1 Introduction 2 Theory of Optical Trapping
... 2 Theory of Optical Trapping 2.1 Simple explanation of optical trapping A basic and intuitive explanation of optical trapping can be given by a ray description. Consider a transparent bead (whose index of refraction is larger than that of surrounding medium), placed in an intensity gradient (Figure ...
... 2 Theory of Optical Trapping 2.1 Simple explanation of optical trapping A basic and intuitive explanation of optical trapping can be given by a ray description. Consider a transparent bead (whose index of refraction is larger than that of surrounding medium), placed in an intensity gradient (Figure ...
Generation of vortex beams by an image-rotating - AS
... charge as it propagates, and will always have a null at the beam center, although its radial irradiance pattern will generally change due to propagation related phase shifts among the different p modes. Vortex beams can be created from a lowest order Gaussian mode using holographic gratings [12, 13] ...
... charge as it propagates, and will always have a null at the beam center, although its radial irradiance pattern will generally change due to propagation related phase shifts among the different p modes. Vortex beams can be created from a lowest order Gaussian mode using holographic gratings [12, 13] ...
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
... pinhole, is used to remove interference patterns in a laser beam caused by diffraction from dust, lint, lens imperfections, etc. that are part of any laser optical system. Diffraction interference degrades the laser beam by producing phase and amplitude variations, or modulation, on the otherwise un ...
... pinhole, is used to remove interference patterns in a laser beam caused by diffraction from dust, lint, lens imperfections, etc. that are part of any laser optical system. Diffraction interference degrades the laser beam by producing phase and amplitude variations, or modulation, on the otherwise un ...
Laser radiation versus “ordinary light”
... What you need to know (with regard to safety) about the lasers used in the Modern Optics Lab: ...
... What you need to know (with regard to safety) about the lasers used in the Modern Optics Lab: ...
Using GPUs for Real time Prediction of Optical Forces on Microsphere Ensembles
... (Banerjee et al., IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng., 2010) ...
... (Banerjee et al., IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng., 2010) ...
Imaging and Non-imaging System Modeling in ASAP
... Defining the optical design process The optical design process means different things to different people. Designers of classical lens systems, such as projection (imaging) lenses, primarily use commercially available “optical design” software packages, which are essentially lens design programs. Le ...
... Defining the optical design process The optical design process means different things to different people. Designers of classical lens systems, such as projection (imaging) lenses, primarily use commercially available “optical design” software packages, which are essentially lens design programs. Le ...
Abstract :soliton order N=1 and N=2 results are also obtained
... higher order solitons is slightly different from fundamental soliton as the shape of these higher order solitons is not constant, but rather changes periodically during propagation and so regain their shape with periodicity [1]-[2].John Scott Russell (et.al) (1834) a Scottish naval engineer James Sc ...
... higher order solitons is slightly different from fundamental soliton as the shape of these higher order solitons is not constant, but rather changes periodically during propagation and so regain their shape with periodicity [1]-[2].John Scott Russell (et.al) (1834) a Scottish naval engineer James Sc ...
Theory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects
... where we have utilized that the FWHM pulse duration is connected to τ0 as τp = 1.763τ0. The pulse described by (IV-163) and (IV-164) propagates undistorted in the presence of dispersion and nonlinearity of opposite sign in optical fibers and are called an optical soliton. The word soliton refers to ...
... where we have utilized that the FWHM pulse duration is connected to τ0 as τp = 1.763τ0. The pulse described by (IV-163) and (IV-164) propagates undistorted in the presence of dispersion and nonlinearity of opposite sign in optical fibers and are called an optical soliton. The word soliton refers to ...
Characterization of a 90° waveguide bend using near-field scanning optical microscopy
... Waveguide bends are frequently used in photonic integrated circuits and optical sensors. Several theoretical models have been used to investigate modes in waveguide bends.1,2 Among them, the conformal index transformation method is regarded as a simple and effective method to solve for the mode prof ...
... Waveguide bends are frequently used in photonic integrated circuits and optical sensors. Several theoretical models have been used to investigate modes in waveguide bends.1,2 Among them, the conformal index transformation method is regarded as a simple and effective method to solve for the mode prof ...
Optical Damage Limits to Pulse Energy From Fibers - AS
... also computed the approximate curves for the on-axis enhancement I/I◦ for these fibers, and find that the enhancement due to self-focusing is more abrupt in fibers than in the bulk as the power approaches the critical power PSF . Our propagation model starts by injecting the low-power, lowest order ...
... also computed the approximate curves for the on-axis enhancement I/I◦ for these fibers, and find that the enhancement due to self-focusing is more abrupt in fibers than in the bulk as the power approaches the critical power PSF . Our propagation model starts by injecting the low-power, lowest order ...
ELECTRO-OPTICS
... This function is plotted in Fig. 18.1-4 for an arbitrary value of ‘po. The device may be operated as a linear intensity modulator by adjusting the optical path difference so that q. = 7r/2 and operating in the nearly linear region around y = 0.5. Alternatively, the optical path difference may be adj ...
... This function is plotted in Fig. 18.1-4 for an arbitrary value of ‘po. The device may be operated as a linear intensity modulator by adjusting the optical path difference so that q. = 7r/2 and operating in the nearly linear region around y = 0.5. Alternatively, the optical path difference may be adj ...
Reflection properties, anomalous group velocity and negative
... index contrast in one-, two-, and three-dimensions. PBG structures are characterized by the presence of well defined forbidden frequency bands (photonic band gap), where the propagation of electromagnetic waves is prohibited. Inside the photonic band gap mode propagation, spontaneous emission and ze ...
... index contrast in one-, two-, and three-dimensions. PBG structures are characterized by the presence of well defined forbidden frequency bands (photonic band gap), where the propagation of electromagnetic waves is prohibited. Inside the photonic band gap mode propagation, spontaneous emission and ze ...
The Influence of Air-hole Filling Fraction of Photonics Crystal Fibers
... has some advantages in comparison with the other slow light technologies in optical fibers, such as electromagnetic induction transparent (EIT), coherent population oscillation (CPO). Such as operating at room temperature, comparable with existing communication system, easy tailoring time delay and ...
... has some advantages in comparison with the other slow light technologies in optical fibers, such as electromagnetic induction transparent (EIT), coherent population oscillation (CPO). Such as operating at room temperature, comparable with existing communication system, easy tailoring time delay and ...
Week 10 (4/20/2006)
... 2. Example of regularization (selection principle for the solution of ill-posed problems) ...
... 2. Example of regularization (selection principle for the solution of ill-posed problems) ...
Determination of Electric-Field, Magnetic-Field, and Electric
... The peak shift seen in the current distribution in Figs. 4(b)–4(d) is the result of interdipole antenna coupling associated with Coulomb interaction across the gap and mutual impedance between the antennas. The coupling between antennas in this collinear arrangement is generally weak, in contrast to ...
... The peak shift seen in the current distribution in Figs. 4(b)–4(d) is the result of interdipole antenna coupling associated with Coulomb interaction across the gap and mutual impedance between the antennas. The coupling between antennas in this collinear arrangement is generally weak, in contrast to ...
Silicon photonics
Silicon photonics is the study and application of photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium. The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometre precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometre wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in what (by analogy with a similar construction in microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI).Silicon photonic devices can be made using existing semiconductor fabrication techniques, and because silicon is already used as the substrate for most integrated circuits, it is possible to create hybrid devices in which the optical and electronic components are integrated onto a single microchip. Consequently, silicon photonics is being actively researched by many electronics manufacturers including IBM and Intel, as well as by academic research groups such as that of Prof. Michal Lipson, who see it is a means for keeping on track with Moore's Law, by using optical interconnects to provide faster data transfer both between and within microchips.The propagation of light through silicon devices is governed by a range of nonlinear optical phenomena including the Kerr effect, the Raman effect, two photon absorption and interactions between photons and free charge carriers. The presence of nonlinearity is of fundamental importance, as it enables light to interact with light, thus permitting applications such as wavelength conversion and all-optical signal routing, in addition to the passive transmission of light.Silicon waveguides are also of great academic interest, due to their ability to support exotic nonlinear optical phenomena such as soliton propagation.