What is learning? On the nature and merits of a... definition of learning THEORETICAL REVIEW
... determine behavior, it follows that changes in behavior are neither necessary (because other determinants of behavior can block the impact of learning on behavior—e.g., a lack of motivation) nor sufficient (because other determinants of behavior might be responsible for a change in behavior— e.g., t ...
... determine behavior, it follows that changes in behavior are neither necessary (because other determinants of behavior can block the impact of learning on behavior—e.g., a lack of motivation) nor sufficient (because other determinants of behavior might be responsible for a change in behavior— e.g., t ...
Skinners_analysis_of..
... been ineffective and often a select verbal community has provided differential reinforcement for the offending verbal behavior, especially when directed towards others. These individuals may be able to tact the effects of their behaviors on listeners, but they are reinforced by the negative reacti ...
... been ineffective and often a select verbal community has provided differential reinforcement for the offending verbal behavior, especially when directed towards others. These individuals may be able to tact the effects of their behaviors on listeners, but they are reinforced by the negative reacti ...
How does Stimulus Control Develop with Automatic
... The type of automatic reinforcement that occurred most were selfverbal responses (verbal-practical) It was easiest to bring the responses under MO sources of control. Mands were the overall highest type of verbal operant that emerged from pairing Discriminative stimulus control emerged due to pairin ...
... The type of automatic reinforcement that occurred most were selfverbal responses (verbal-practical) It was easiest to bring the responses under MO sources of control. Mands were the overall highest type of verbal operant that emerged from pairing Discriminative stimulus control emerged due to pairin ...
WHEN MOWRER IS NOT ENOUGH – An operant
... The frightening fantasy that evolution has carved out for us has been definitive for the survival of homo sapiens, who is slow, weak and harmless per se. Those individuals who have had the ability to imagine danger before it becomes evident or even close, have more time to plan and take precautiona ...
... The frightening fantasy that evolution has carved out for us has been definitive for the survival of homo sapiens, who is slow, weak and harmless per se. Those individuals who have had the ability to imagine danger before it becomes evident or even close, have more time to plan and take precautiona ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... 2010). A child with a disability has a right to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) and to be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE). Students who exhibit challenging behaviors are more likely to have more restrictive placements in school when compared to peers (Becker et al. 201 ...
... 2010). A child with a disability has a right to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) and to be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE). Students who exhibit challenging behaviors are more likely to have more restrictive placements in school when compared to peers (Becker et al. 201 ...
A Behavioural Approach to Language Assessment and
... stimulus control and reinforcement (Skinner, 1938, 1953, 1957) In Behavior of Organisms (Skinner, 1938) Skinner devoted two full chapters to motivation; Chapter 9 titled “Drive” and Chapter 10 titled “Drive and Conditioning: The Interaction of Two Variables” Science and Human Behavior (1953) had thr ...
... stimulus control and reinforcement (Skinner, 1938, 1953, 1957) In Behavior of Organisms (Skinner, 1938) Skinner devoted two full chapters to motivation; Chapter 9 titled “Drive” and Chapter 10 titled “Drive and Conditioning: The Interaction of Two Variables” Science and Human Behavior (1953) had thr ...
Theories and Applications of Aversive Conditioning
... is, the more severe the shock, the slower the learning of the response This may be due to the fact that the animal experiences conflict about going back into the place it was previously shocked The ...
... is, the more severe the shock, the slower the learning of the response This may be due to the fact that the animal experiences conflict about going back into the place it was previously shocked The ...
Ch 6: Learning
... nine participants in a small conference room. The therapist began by saying that such fears are learned—much as you might learn to cringe when you hear a dentist’s drill or the scraping of fingernails on a blackboard. She said that it was not important how such fears got started. This fear-of-flying ...
... nine participants in a small conference room. The therapist began by saying that such fears are learned—much as you might learn to cringe when you hear a dentist’s drill or the scraping of fingernails on a blackboard. She said that it was not important how such fears got started. This fear-of-flying ...
Selections from Science and Human Behavior
... and questions from the class confuse him more and more, because his mind is failing. What he says is often disorganized because his ideas are confused. He is occasionally unnecessarily emphatic because of the force of his ideas. When he repeats himself, it is because he has an idee fixe; and when he ...
... and questions from the class confuse him more and more, because his mind is failing. What he says is often disorganized because his ideas are confused. He is occasionally unnecessarily emphatic because of the force of his ideas. When he repeats himself, it is because he has an idee fixe; and when he ...
TRADITIONAL LEARNING THEORIES
... From "Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide" Learning, so central to human behavior yet so elusive to understanding, has fascinated thinkers as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Indeed, the views of these two philosophers underpin much modern research on learning conducted by psychologists and ...
... From "Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide" Learning, so central to human behavior yet so elusive to understanding, has fascinated thinkers as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Indeed, the views of these two philosophers underpin much modern research on learning conducted by psychologists and ...
Historical Evolution of the Field of Conditioning and Learning
... were “passive.” The behavior of all animals and much human behavior were simple stimulus-response reflexes. They were caused by changes in the environment. Environmental events were REFLECTED as behaviors (therefore, the word “reflex”); these behaviors were involuntary and “mindless.” An example is ...
... were “passive.” The behavior of all animals and much human behavior were simple stimulus-response reflexes. They were caused by changes in the environment. Environmental events were REFLECTED as behaviors (therefore, the word “reflex”); these behaviors were involuntary and “mindless.” An example is ...
operant behavior1
... The spatial representation of purpose, expectancy, or intention obscured one of the most important features of the relation emphasized by Thorndike. The process he identified remained unexplored for 30 years, and during that time was confused with rote habit formation and with various .formulations ...
... The spatial representation of purpose, expectancy, or intention obscured one of the most important features of the relation emphasized by Thorndike. The process he identified remained unexplored for 30 years, and during that time was confused with rote habit formation and with various .formulations ...
The Continuity Strategy, Human Behavior, and Behavior
... stage are adequate for the next. It would be rash to assert at this point that there is no essential difference between human behavior and the behavior of lower species; but until an attempt has been made to deal with both in the same terms, it would be equally rash to assert that there is. (p. 38) ...
... stage are adequate for the next. It would be rash to assert at this point that there is no essential difference between human behavior and the behavior of lower species; but until an attempt has been made to deal with both in the same terms, it would be equally rash to assert that there is. (p. 38) ...
ACJ Article: Retrospective on Behavioral Approaches
... natural science theory about thinking which makes it just as simple, and just as much a part of biological processes, as tennis playing” (p. 238). Watson (1924) not only relied upon the operations of classical conditioning to explain the acquisition of language and thinking behavior, but also the af ...
... natural science theory about thinking which makes it just as simple, and just as much a part of biological processes, as tennis playing” (p. 238). Watson (1924) not only relied upon the operations of classical conditioning to explain the acquisition of language and thinking behavior, but also the af ...
traditional learning theories
... discussion, see Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005; Ormrod, 1995). Working in Russia, Pavlov, for example, added concepts of reinforcement, conditioned stimulus, and extinction to the basic notion of the stimulus-response connection. Guthrie stated that one law of learning based on contiguity is all that is n ...
... discussion, see Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005; Ormrod, 1995). Working in Russia, Pavlov, for example, added concepts of reinforcement, conditioned stimulus, and extinction to the basic notion of the stimulus-response connection. Guthrie stated that one law of learning based on contiguity is all that is n ...
Applied Behavior Analysis II 6.1 Concepts: Applied behavior
... The conditioning of operant behavior is the result of reinforcement and punishment. Operant conditioning applies to so-called "voluntary" responses, which an organism emits and increase or decrease in frequency as a function of the consequences which follow. The term operant emphasizes this point: t ...
... The conditioning of operant behavior is the result of reinforcement and punishment. Operant conditioning applies to so-called "voluntary" responses, which an organism emits and increase or decrease in frequency as a function of the consequences which follow. The term operant emphasizes this point: t ...
My first review (in a different world)
... concentrates on the second of these questions. The problem with that approach stems from the difficulty in defining the "control" (Garcia, 1981). The subject may associate a variety of events in a conditioning experiment, and the change in behavior recorded by the experimenter is simply a convenient ...
... concentrates on the second of these questions. The problem with that approach stems from the difficulty in defining the "control" (Garcia, 1981). The subject may associate a variety of events in a conditioning experiment, and the change in behavior recorded by the experimenter is simply a convenient ...
B. E Skinner`s Legacy to Human Infant Behavior
... The second example, introduced earlier, of how unrecognized reinforcement contingencies may be involved in an assessment procedure focuses on infant protests cued by maternal departures as the index of attachment, without account being taken of maternal responding contingent on the protests in the d ...
... The second example, introduced earlier, of how unrecognized reinforcement contingencies may be involved in an assessment procedure focuses on infant protests cued by maternal departures as the index of attachment, without account being taken of maternal responding contingent on the protests in the d ...
Precision Teaching and Skinner`s Legacy
... Verbal Behavior, the book that Skinner often called his “most important.” Kubina and Starlin (2003) mention Skinner’s book but then go on to use standard precision teaching expressions such as “See-Say,” “learning channels,” and “receptive language” that are incompatible with a functional analysis. ...
... Verbal Behavior, the book that Skinner often called his “most important.” Kubina and Starlin (2003) mention Skinner’s book but then go on to use standard precision teaching expressions such as “See-Say,” “learning channels,” and “receptive language” that are incompatible with a functional analysis. ...
Use A for True, B for False
... If a stimulus produces a response because of the consequences the response has in its presence, we say that a. the response is occasioned by the stimulus b. the response is elicited by the stimulus c. the response is evoked by the stimulus d. the response causes the stimulus ...
... If a stimulus produces a response because of the consequences the response has in its presence, we say that a. the response is occasioned by the stimulus b. the response is elicited by the stimulus c. the response is evoked by the stimulus d. the response causes the stimulus ...
BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PLAN
... is the paragraph where you lay out how you will work with the student to make sure he or she understand the BIP that will be described in the paragraphs to follow. ...
... is the paragraph where you lay out how you will work with the student to make sure he or she understand the BIP that will be described in the paragraphs to follow. ...
Settling The Stimulus-Substitution Issue Is A Prerequisite For Sound
... response to tone even after at least six sessions of brain stimulation alone. The scant attention paid to these remarkable findings is probably accounted for by the cognitive shift that was gathering force at the time they were published. Six years later, however, Malmo's (1965) conditioning study w ...
... response to tone even after at least six sessions of brain stimulation alone. The scant attention paid to these remarkable findings is probably accounted for by the cognitive shift that was gathering force at the time they were published. Six years later, however, Malmo's (1965) conditioning study w ...
The Functional Behavior Assessment
... Direct Observation of Behavior Eli is a pre-K student who is very difficult to work with. He often lays on the floor and kicks at his teacher when he is asked to transition from block center to circle time. Concerned for others, the teacher directs Eli to “Australia.” Eli also hits his teacher when ...
... Direct Observation of Behavior Eli is a pre-K student who is very difficult to work with. He often lays on the floor and kicks at his teacher when he is asked to transition from block center to circle time. Concerned for others, the teacher directs Eli to “Australia.” Eli also hits his teacher when ...
Learning Theory and Personality Development
... York's Greenwich Village, followed by some time in Paris, France. Ultimately, however, he gave up his career as an author because he simply had nothing important to say (Bjork, 1997; Skinner, 1970, 1976). As a child, Skinner had always been interested in the behavior of animals and kept many wild ...
... York's Greenwich Village, followed by some time in Paris, France. Ultimately, however, he gave up his career as an author because he simply had nothing important to say (Bjork, 1997; Skinner, 1970, 1976). As a child, Skinner had always been interested in the behavior of animals and kept many wild ...
Clark L. Hull
Clark Leonard Hull (May 24, 1884 – May 10, 1952) was an influential American psychologist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman. He is also known for his work in drive theory.Hull spent the mature part of his career at Yale University, where he was recruited by the president and former-psychologist, James Rowland Angell. He performed research demonstrating that his theories could predict behavior. His most significant works were the Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (1940), and Principles of Behavior (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. Hull’s model is expressed in biological terms: Organisms suffer deprivation; deprivation creates needs; needs activate drives; drives activate behavior; behavior is goal directed; achieving the goal has survival value.He is perhaps best known for the ""goal gradient"" effect or hypothesis, wherein organisms spend disproportionate amounts of effort in the final stages of attainment of the object of drives. Due to the lack of popularity of behaviorism in modern contexts it is little referenced today or bracketed as obsolete. Nonetheless, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Hull as the 21st most cited psychologist of the 20th century.