Mussolini`s Gladius: The Double-Edged Sword of Antiquity in Fascist
... peninsula was unified under the authority of Republican and then Imperial Rome, and Italy, being represented by the Roman Empire, was the eminent power in the Mediterranean and European worlds. This was the period of grand monuments made of marble, the ideal of the state above all else, and of Itali ...
... peninsula was unified under the authority of Republican and then Imperial Rome, and Italy, being represented by the Roman Empire, was the eminent power in the Mediterranean and European worlds. This was the period of grand monuments made of marble, the ideal of the state above all else, and of Itali ...
Pfingsten-10-Caesar and Pompey
... Max Pfingsten – Caesar and Pompey patrician family. But he was also the nephew of Gaius Marius, the leader of the populares, whereas Pompey had been fighting on the side of the optimates. In many ways, both men were trying to be a part of both worlds. Pompey was a pleb fighting for the aristocracy, ...
... Max Pfingsten – Caesar and Pompey patrician family. But he was also the nephew of Gaius Marius, the leader of the populares, whereas Pompey had been fighting on the side of the optimates. In many ways, both men were trying to be a part of both worlds. Pompey was a pleb fighting for the aristocracy, ...
military defeats, casualties of war - The University of North Carolina
... mercenary leader of the Greeks in southern Italy. His army had just defeated a Roman army, killed as many as 15,000 Roman soldiers, captured a Roman camp, and gained the support of a number of Roman allied towns. When the king sent his messenger to Rome in order to complete a pact of peace, the Roma ...
... mercenary leader of the Greeks in southern Italy. His army had just defeated a Roman army, killed as many as 15,000 Roman soldiers, captured a Roman camp, and gained the support of a number of Roman allied towns. When the king sent his messenger to Rome in order to complete a pact of peace, the Roma ...
Augustus and the Principate
... Roman government to have been a mix of and balance between aristocratic, democratic and despotic elements.20 The Romans themselves described their system to be neither an aristocracy, a democracy nor a despotism.21 First of all, the two consuls formed the despotic element of the polity, as they had ...
... Roman government to have been a mix of and balance between aristocratic, democratic and despotic elements.20 The Romans themselves described their system to be neither an aristocracy, a democracy nor a despotism.21 First of all, the two consuls formed the despotic element of the polity, as they had ...
julius caesar
... He married Cornelia (daughter of Cinna, who controlled Rome at the time). As power shifted in Rome, Caesar was targeted and he was forced into hiding by Sulla. His uncle and father-in-law had already been murdered. Caesar lost his fortune too. Thanks to efforts by his mother, Caesar was eventually a ...
... He married Cornelia (daughter of Cinna, who controlled Rome at the time). As power shifted in Rome, Caesar was targeted and he was forced into hiding by Sulla. His uncle and father-in-law had already been murdered. Caesar lost his fortune too. Thanks to efforts by his mother, Caesar was eventually a ...
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN ETRURIA
... During the 2nd Punic War Roman control of Etruria would be tested when Hannibal crossed the Alps in search of Italian allies to fight against Rome. The Etruscans remained loyal to Rome and even offered support by way of shelter to the Roman people and many of their sacred artifacts. The literary evi ...
... During the 2nd Punic War Roman control of Etruria would be tested when Hannibal crossed the Alps in search of Italian allies to fight against Rome. The Etruscans remained loyal to Rome and even offered support by way of shelter to the Roman people and many of their sacred artifacts. The literary evi ...
Julius Caesar
... goats’ blood would be smeared on the foreheads of two young men, then wiped off with wool dipped in milk. Then young men wearing only strips of goatskin around their loins, ran around the city striking women with strips of goatskin. It was believed that pregnant women would have an easier labor and ...
... goats’ blood would be smeared on the foreheads of two young men, then wiped off with wool dipped in milk. Then young men wearing only strips of goatskin around their loins, ran around the city striking women with strips of goatskin. It was believed that pregnant women would have an easier labor and ...
Electoral abuse in the late Roman Republic
... of manipulation, of mass bribery, of corrupt deal-making and of violence. To be sure, there had always been electoral irregularities. But as the Republic moved toward collapse in the mid-first century B.C., these abuses occurred more regularly in thickets and multitudes. Abusive tactics were employe ...
... of manipulation, of mass bribery, of corrupt deal-making and of violence. To be sure, there had always been electoral irregularities. But as the Republic moved toward collapse in the mid-first century B.C., these abuses occurred more regularly in thickets and multitudes. Abusive tactics were employe ...
Death in Motion - UCLA Department of Classics
... purpose of the procession can only be speculated. It would seem that it functioned both as a means of gathering the participants, who would later crowd the forum during the funeral oration, and as a way of displaying the popularity of the deceased and the family.31 Hence, the more circuitous the rou ...
... purpose of the procession can only be speculated. It would seem that it functioned both as a means of gathering the participants, who would later crowd the forum during the funeral oration, and as a way of displaying the popularity of the deceased and the family.31 Hence, the more circuitous the rou ...
Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum
... purpose of the procession can only be speculated. It would seem that it functioned both as a means of gathering the participants, who would later crowd the forum during the funeral oration, and as a way of displaying the popularity of the deceased and the family.31 Hence, the more circuitous the rou ...
... purpose of the procession can only be speculated. It would seem that it functioned both as a means of gathering the participants, who would later crowd the forum during the funeral oration, and as a way of displaying the popularity of the deceased and the family.31 Hence, the more circuitous the rou ...
The Second Punic War June 2015
... given his excellent track record (early career; victories in Spain etc), might have expected total support but not the case: in 206 his victory at Gades confirmed Roman occupation of Spain; Scipio returned to Rome to general acclaim and was elected Consul (almost unheard of age of 31); this led fact ...
... given his excellent track record (early career; victories in Spain etc), might have expected total support but not the case: in 206 his victory at Gades confirmed Roman occupation of Spain; Scipio returned to Rome to general acclaim and was elected Consul (almost unheard of age of 31); this led fact ...
Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Mithridatic War III
... At this point Mithridates was abandoned by his erstwhile ally Tigranes, King of Armenia, not to mention that the Parthians also began negotiating with Pompey. He was obliged therefore to flee to Colchis. Pompey sent a force in pursuit but himself turned into Armenia. He overthrew Tigranes but then r ...
... At this point Mithridates was abandoned by his erstwhile ally Tigranes, King of Armenia, not to mention that the Parthians also began negotiating with Pompey. He was obliged therefore to flee to Colchis. Pompey sent a force in pursuit but himself turned into Armenia. He overthrew Tigranes but then r ...
Why was Julius Caesar Assassinated
... tradition he needed glory on the battlefield to achieve this. Caesar set out to defeat the Gaul’s. – He expanded the Roman Empire by conquering Gaul – He killed one million men, women and children in Gaul. (genocide) ...
... tradition he needed glory on the battlefield to achieve this. Caesar set out to defeat the Gaul’s. – He expanded the Roman Empire by conquering Gaul – He killed one million men, women and children in Gaul. (genocide) ...
Heroes of the Colosseum
... soldiers made to fight with their own weapons and in their own styles. It is from these early conscripted prisoners-of-war (in particular, the Samnites, Gauls and Thracians) that the later, stylized exotic appearances of gladiator categories would evolve. In keeping with the religious significance o ...
... soldiers made to fight with their own weapons and in their own styles. It is from these early conscripted prisoners-of-war (in particular, the Samnites, Gauls and Thracians) that the later, stylized exotic appearances of gladiator categories would evolve. In keeping with the religious significance o ...
Ch 8 Sec 1 Review Questions.notebook
... 2a) What were the important features of the Roman Republic? Wanted some "say" NO KINGS! Senateelected by citizens represented the citizens made laws consulelected by citizens 1 year term 2 of them enforced laws leaders of the gov't had to agree veto power Dictator ...
... 2a) What were the important features of the Roman Republic? Wanted some "say" NO KINGS! Senateelected by citizens represented the citizens made laws consulelected by citizens 1 year term 2 of them enforced laws leaders of the gov't had to agree veto power Dictator ...
History of Roman Literature from its Earliest
... interdicted. It was only with the more estimable part of his species that the author was united by that sympathy which we term the Love of Fame. He was the head, not of a numerous, but of a select community. By nothing short of the highest excellence could he hope for the approbation of judges so sk ...
... interdicted. It was only with the more estimable part of his species that the author was united by that sympathy which we term the Love of Fame. He was the head, not of a numerous, but of a select community. By nothing short of the highest excellence could he hope for the approbation of judges so sk ...
File
... Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius, 83-30 B.C.): A brilliant military general and second-incommand under Julius Caesar and was a close military advisor to Caesar. Antony was known for his loose moral living, gambling, and violent nature along with his military ability. He would serve as tribune in 49 B.C. ...
... Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius, 83-30 B.C.): A brilliant military general and second-incommand under Julius Caesar and was a close military advisor to Caesar. Antony was known for his loose moral living, gambling, and violent nature along with his military ability. He would serve as tribune in 49 B.C. ...
Founding fathers: An ethnic and gender study of the Iliadic Aeneid
... characters in the Aeneid and giving only limited attention to the second half of the epic. 6 Perhaps because the Dido episode is such fertile ground for intellectual exploration and is just plain fascinating from a literary standpoint, neglect of the second half of the Aeneid, known as the Iliadic ...
... characters in the Aeneid and giving only limited attention to the second half of the epic. 6 Perhaps because the Dido episode is such fertile ground for intellectual exploration and is just plain fascinating from a literary standpoint, neglect of the second half of the Aeneid, known as the Iliadic ...
Culture of ancient Rome
""Roman society"" redirects here. For the learned society, see: Society for the Promotion of Roman StudiesThe culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates.Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum), the Forum of Trajan, and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters, gymnasia, and many taverns, baths, and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae (apartment blocks).The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people, with a high end estimate of 3.6 million and a low end estimate of 450,000. Historical estimates indicate that around 30% of the population under the city's jurisdiction lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by pre-industrial standards. The most urbanized part of the Empire was Italy, which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most Roman towns and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Hispania, Gaul and Africa.There was a very large amount of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire, since its transportation technology was very efficient. The average costs of transport and the technology were comparable with 18th-century Europe. The later city of Rome did not fill the space within its ancient Aurelian walls until after 1870.Eighty percent of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside in settlements with less than 10 thousand inhabitants. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. To stimulate a higher labor productivity most landlords freed a large number of slaves and many received wages. Some records indicate that ""as many as 42 people lived in one small farm hut in Egypt, while six families owned a single olive tree."" Such a rural environment continued to induce migration of population to urban centers until the early 2nd century when the urban population stopped growing and started to decline.Starting in the middle of the 2nd century BC, private Greek culture was increasingly in ascendancy, in spite of tirades against the ""softening"" effects of Hellenized culture from the conservative moralists. By the time of Augustus, cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young (sometimes even the girls); chefs, decorators, secretaries, doctors, and hairdressers all came from the Greek East. Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the villas, or were imitated in Roman sculpture yards by Greek slaves. The Roman cuisine preserved in the cookery books ascribed to Apicius is essentially Greek. Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style. Only in law and governance was the Italic nature of Rome's accretive culture supreme.Against this human background, both the urban and rural setting, one of history's most influential civilizations took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survives in part today.