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... We say that cp is valid in M, and write M i= cp, if (M, w ) i= cp for all respect to 9). w E W,. We then define (T FA cp to hold if M .[a] implies M t= ~ [ c p ] for all M E A and all substitutions 7. For example, defining truth in modal logic with respect to pairs ( M ,w) consisting of a Kripke str ...
notes
notes

... Relative completeness follows by a simple argument: Proof Sketch. Let c be a command and let P and Q be assertions such that the partial correctness specification {P } c {Q} is valid. By Lemma 1 we have ⊨ P =⇒ wlp(c, Q). By Lemma 2 we have ⊢ {wlp(c, Q)} c {Q}. We conclude ⊢ {P } c {Q} using the C ON ...
notes
notes

... Cook’s proof of relative completeness depends on the notion of weakest liberal preconditions. Given a command c and a postcondition Q the weakest liberal precondition is the weakest assertion P such that {P } c {Q} is a valid triple. Here, “weakest” means that any other valid precondition implies P ...
Supervaluationism and Classical Logic
Supervaluationism and Classical Logic

... classically follows that it is not the case that for any time x if Julia is a baby at x then Julia is a baby at time x + 1, classically in other words, there is a time x such that Julia is a baby at x but Julia is not a baby at x + 1 second. Epistemicists in vagueness want to retain classical logic ...
p - Upm
p - Upm

... establishing the validity of an argument  the method of Proof by Contradiction. The idea behind the method of Proof by Contradiction is to establish a statement (namely, the conclusion of an argument) by showing that, if this statement were false, then we would be able to deduce a contradiction (p ...
Review
Review

Introduction to Proofs, Rules of Equivalence, Rules of
Introduction to Proofs, Rules of Equivalence, Rules of

... follows from, but is not identical to, the truth of the source lines. • Operate on lines whose statement forms match the statement forms of the lines in the argument form of the rule. • Can be applied ONLY to entire lines, not parts of lines. ...
Generalizing
Generalizing

... Unit 3 Week 5 By Kristi Waltke ...
Logic and Reasoning
Logic and Reasoning

... fallacy is present in the following statements: – “The Ford Explorer is the most popular SUV on the market, so it must be the safest.” – “You were the only person working when the accident happened so it must be your fault.” – “If you don’t finish this paper, you will become a bum and live in a van ...
1

External validity

External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
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