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Exp01v3
Exp01v3

... wire in the jack labeled mA and a black wire in the jack labeled COMMON. Select a current range dependent on the expected current measured. For this experiment the 20mA range is the most appropriate. Ammeters have very low resistance that typically is less then 0.5  A common mistake is to connect ...
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... peak load time [4]. Enquiries for lower cost and highefficiency-devices motivate the researchers to increase the reliability of PV systems. On the other hand, this wide diffusion has of the distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic panels have not been supported by monitoring, fault detection ...
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... radio reception and control. The following issues are problematic: • The active filter in two realizations (state-variable, biquad) is not stable above 1.1 MHz (needs at least 1.6 MHz). We may resort to the simpler VCVS version which is more stable. • The antenna reception is weak and indicates indu ...
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Fault tolerance



Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems.A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured. A structure is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.Within the scope of an individual system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.
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