Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... to keep their gaze within a computer-controlled fixation window (between 3 ⫻ 3 to 5 ⫻ 5° depending on FP position) for between 800 and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixa ...
... to keep their gaze within a computer-controlled fixation window (between 3 ⫻ 3 to 5 ⫻ 5° depending on FP position) for between 800 and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixa ...
AANEM Glossary of Terms in Neuromuscular
... stimulation of the nerve supply to the muscle or by volitional activation of the muscle. acoustic shadowing Sonographic appearance of reduced echo amplitude from regions lying beyond an attenuating object. It is important to distinguish between acoustic shadows and regions of low echogenicity. An ac ...
... stimulation of the nerve supply to the muscle or by volitional activation of the muscle. acoustic shadowing Sonographic appearance of reduced echo amplitude from regions lying beyond an attenuating object. It is important to distinguish between acoustic shadows and regions of low echogenicity. An ac ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
Calcium Influx and Protein Phosphorylation Mediate the Metabolic
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... awake monkeys using trains of biphasic pulses at 200 Hz. The train duration ranged from 100 to 1,000 ms (typically 500 ms), and the currents ranged from 25 to 150 A. These parameters were adopted from the oculomotor literature where they have been used to evoke movements of the eyes and head (e.g., ...
... awake monkeys using trains of biphasic pulses at 200 Hz. The train duration ranged from 100 to 1,000 ms (typically 500 ms), and the currents ranged from 25 to 150 A. These parameters were adopted from the oculomotor literature where they have been used to evoke movements of the eyes and head (e.g., ...
Aalborg Universitet Assessment of sensory convergence in the spinal cord
... stimulation, and chemical stimulation by analgesic substances may activate the nociceptive system and cause pain. Noxious stimulation depolarizes free nerve endings of the afferent fibers in the tissue. How this depolarization occurs is not well understood, however several trans-membrane proteins ha ...
... stimulation, and chemical stimulation by analgesic substances may activate the nociceptive system and cause pain. Noxious stimulation depolarizes free nerve endings of the afferent fibers in the tissue. How this depolarization occurs is not well understood, however several trans-membrane proteins ha ...
Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect
... involved in locomotion, orientation, and attention (Risold & Swanson, 1997). On the other hand, the caudal region of the LS is in a position to modulate the hippocampal theta-rhythm that is activated in locomotor behavior through its projections to the medial septum and supramammillary nucleus (Ste ...
... involved in locomotion, orientation, and attention (Risold & Swanson, 1997). On the other hand, the caudal region of the LS is in a position to modulate the hippocampal theta-rhythm that is activated in locomotor behavior through its projections to the medial septum and supramammillary nucleus (Ste ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... the anterior ventral tegmentum (C. Bielajew and P. Shizgal, manuscript submitted for publication; Gallistel et al., 1981). The detailed quantitative information from these new behavioral methods makes it reasonable to use microelectrode recording methods in a search for the somata of axons that cour ...
... the anterior ventral tegmentum (C. Bielajew and P. Shizgal, manuscript submitted for publication; Gallistel et al., 1981). The detailed quantitative information from these new behavioral methods makes it reasonable to use microelectrode recording methods in a search for the somata of axons that cour ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... Mechanisms underlying somatic modulation of bladder functions have been studied in anesthetized animals [3, 4]. When the bladder is full, rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, ...
... Mechanisms underlying somatic modulation of bladder functions have been studied in anesthetized animals [3, 4]. When the bladder is full, rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... After electrical stimulation of Broca’s area, postsynaptic potentials of high amplitudes are recorded in the lateral part of the M1 (Greenlee et al., 2004). These results indirectly indicate a functional connection of Broca’s area and M1 for face, mouth, pharynx, and larynx. It has been proposed tha ...
... After electrical stimulation of Broca’s area, postsynaptic potentials of high amplitudes are recorded in the lateral part of the M1 (Greenlee et al., 2004). These results indirectly indicate a functional connection of Broca’s area and M1 for face, mouth, pharynx, and larynx. It has been proposed tha ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... The resulting electric shocks presumably stunned the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures, inducing numbness and an associated transient period of pain relief. This might be considered a very early use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for therapeutic purpos ...
... The resulting electric shocks presumably stunned the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures, inducing numbness and an associated transient period of pain relief. This might be considered a very early use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for therapeutic purpos ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... glued to another glass electode filled with 3 mM NT. Tungsten stimulating electrodes with tip diameters of 8-l 5 pm were placed in the LH and in the nucleus raphe magnus or its adjacent region, the nucleus magnocellularis. In nearly all experiments, a glass electrode containing 100 mM glutamic acid ...
... glued to another glass electode filled with 3 mM NT. Tungsten stimulating electrodes with tip diameters of 8-l 5 pm were placed in the LH and in the nucleus raphe magnus or its adjacent region, the nucleus magnocellularis. In nearly all experiments, a glass electrode containing 100 mM glutamic acid ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... activity in the GPi during surgical implantation of stimulation electrodes. Profound inhibition was observed at stimulation frequencies ranging from 5 to 300 Hz. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the STN also produced long-lasting inhibition of the STN and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in ...
... activity in the GPi during surgical implantation of stimulation electrodes. Profound inhibition was observed at stimulation frequencies ranging from 5 to 300 Hz. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the STN also produced long-lasting inhibition of the STN and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in ...
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... the face (13, 14). Furthermore, electrical stimulation of PZ evokes short-latency, complex movements that resemble defensive movements (15). For example, for some sites, stimulation evokes blinking, squinting, turning of the head away from the sensory receptive fields, and a rapid lifting of the han ...
... the face (13, 14). Furthermore, electrical stimulation of PZ evokes short-latency, complex movements that resemble defensive movements (15). For example, for some sites, stimulation evokes blinking, squinting, turning of the head away from the sensory receptive fields, and a rapid lifting of the han ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... Electrical stimulation As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (1 ...
... Electrical stimulation As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (1 ...
innervation of the ventral diaphragm of the locust
... pinned, ventral side up, on to the wax-floor of a Petri dish and continuously perfused with saline. One of the segmental nerves was then stained with CoCl8 (Pitman, Tweedle & Cohen, 1972) or NiCl2 via the cut axons (lies & Mulloney, 1971), by means of an oil gap electrode (Peters, 1976). Although Co ...
... pinned, ventral side up, on to the wax-floor of a Petri dish and continuously perfused with saline. One of the segmental nerves was then stained with CoCl8 (Pitman, Tweedle & Cohen, 1972) or NiCl2 via the cut axons (lies & Mulloney, 1971), by means of an oil gap electrode (Peters, 1976). Although Co ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... our observations, jaw opening achieved by pulling the wire tied to the jaw and jaw closing achieved by masseter nerve stimulation elicited positive and negative changes, respectively, in the optical intensity in the rostral part of the RF, which was located in the lower-left region of the observed a ...
... our observations, jaw opening achieved by pulling the wire tied to the jaw and jaw closing achieved by masseter nerve stimulation elicited positive and negative changes, respectively, in the optical intensity in the rostral part of the RF, which was located in the lower-left region of the observed a ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... tone suppression by electrical stimulation extend from the medulla through the pons and into the caudal midbrain (Lai and Siegel, 1990, 1999). Electrical and chemical stimulation in the pontine inhibitory area (PIA; Lai et al., 1993), including the central portion of the nucleus pontis centralis ora ...
... tone suppression by electrical stimulation extend from the medulla through the pons and into the caudal midbrain (Lai and Siegel, 1990, 1999). Electrical and chemical stimulation in the pontine inhibitory area (PIA; Lai et al., 1993), including the central portion of the nucleus pontis centralis ora ...
The Effect of Slow Electrical Stimuli to Achieve Learning in Cultured
... network level, showing that a change in a simple input-output relationship between two neurons required network wide connectivity changes. It is not completely understood how and why slow electrical stimulation (fstim ,1 Hz) may alter network connectivity. A recent study suggested that low frequency ...
... network level, showing that a change in a simple input-output relationship between two neurons required network wide connectivity changes. It is not completely understood how and why slow electrical stimulation (fstim ,1 Hz) may alter network connectivity. A recent study suggested that low frequency ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... improve akinesia or rigidity (Hariz et al., 2008), possibly because these stimulation parameters are not suitable. The frequency of DBS that best improves movements in patients is dependent on the nucleus being stimulated, with highfrequency stimulation (130 –160 Hz) in BG effective for akinesia (Mo ...
... improve akinesia or rigidity (Hariz et al., 2008), possibly because these stimulation parameters are not suitable. The frequency of DBS that best improves movements in patients is dependent on the nucleus being stimulated, with highfrequency stimulation (130 –160 Hz) in BG effective for akinesia (Mo ...
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... were mainly restricted to the dorsal CN (DCN) and only relatively low frequency pulse trains were tested (up to 400 pps). Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that significant improvement in speech recognition and a more natural pattern of activity in AN fibers can be achieved using high-rate pulsati ...
... were mainly restricted to the dorsal CN (DCN) and only relatively low frequency pulse trains were tested (up to 400 pps). Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that significant improvement in speech recognition and a more natural pattern of activity in AN fibers can be achieved using high-rate pulsati ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... muscle was set to provide peak amplitudes of 5 V during the behavioral task. This procedure was meant to help compensate for changes in electrodes over time as well as for variations between muscles and cats. Examples of the rectified and integrated EMG signals from four muscles during a reach trial ...
... muscle was set to provide peak amplitudes of 5 V during the behavioral task. This procedure was meant to help compensate for changes in electrodes over time as well as for variations between muscles and cats. Examples of the rectified and integrated EMG signals from four muscles during a reach trial ...