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Biased and Unbiased Estimation of the Circular Mean Resultant
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... In many applications, the MRL is used to test if there is a strong preferred direction in measured data. It is argued that this is the case if the sample MRL exceeds a certain threshold which is chosen arbitrarily. However, due to the MRL’s variance and bias, such a strategy can be misleading, espec ...
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Student's t-test

A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It can be used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other, and is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistic (under certain conditions) follows a Student's t distribution.
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