Representations for understanding the Stern-Gerlach
... result in terms of almost purely classical concepts. For this reason we say it is clear. For this reason it is also approximate. It was our struggle to understand the classical-sounding story of the SGE in quantum terms that led to this thesis. In the textbooks forces, trajectories, precessing vecto ...
... result in terms of almost purely classical concepts. For this reason we say it is clear. For this reason it is also approximate. It was our struggle to understand the classical-sounding story of the SGE in quantum terms that led to this thesis. In the textbooks forces, trajectories, precessing vecto ...
PROBABILITIES FOR SINGLE EVENTS
... be made close to one by choosing N sufficiently large yielding a definite prediction for the relative frequency. In a given experiment how large does N have to be before the prediction is counted as definite? It must be large enough so the probability of error is sufficiently small to isolate a resu ...
... be made close to one by choosing N sufficiently large yielding a definite prediction for the relative frequency. In a given experiment how large does N have to be before the prediction is counted as definite? It must be large enough so the probability of error is sufficiently small to isolate a resu ...
Lecture 1310
... 1. A current appears only if there is relative motion between the magnet and the loop 2. Faster motion results in a larger current 3. If we reverse the direction of motion or the polarity of the magnet, the current reverses sign and flows in the opposite direction. The current generated is known as ...
... 1. A current appears only if there is relative motion between the magnet and the loop 2. Faster motion results in a larger current 3. If we reverse the direction of motion or the polarity of the magnet, the current reverses sign and flows in the opposite direction. The current generated is known as ...
A MINUS SIGN THAT USED TO ANNOY ME BUT
... The minus sign in Theorem 20 is clearly annoying (and is the reason for the title of these notes). Theorem 22 below shows how this annoyance is removed by using Qt in place of Qs . Comment 21. Given a diagram of L, n(L) is the number of right going cups, plus the number of right going caps, plus the ...
... The minus sign in Theorem 20 is clearly annoying (and is the reason for the title of these notes). Theorem 22 below shows how this annoyance is removed by using Qt in place of Qs . Comment 21. Given a diagram of L, n(L) is the number of right going cups, plus the number of right going caps, plus the ...
The time reversal of classical electromagnetic theory - Philsci
... As to the answer to the main question– is EM theory really time reversal invariant or not? – I conclude that this is determined by the choice of ontology we use to interpret the theory, but there is no ‘best choice’ for this ontology in general, and two opposite answers are possible. The choice is u ...
... As to the answer to the main question– is EM theory really time reversal invariant or not? – I conclude that this is determined by the choice of ontology we use to interpret the theory, but there is no ‘best choice’ for this ontology in general, and two opposite answers are possible. The choice is u ...
Constructor theory of information - Proceedings of the Royal Society A
... Information is also of the essence in preparation and measurement, both of which are necessary for testing scientific theories. The output of a measurement is information; the input of a preparation includes information, specifying an attribute with which a physical system is to be prepared. All thes ...
... Information is also of the essence in preparation and measurement, both of which are necessary for testing scientific theories. The output of a measurement is information; the input of a preparation includes information, specifying an attribute with which a physical system is to be prepared. All thes ...
Above-threshold ionization in a strong dc electric field
... had the same total energy and the same spatial distribution as the initial quantum state. The classical equations of motion were then solved with the IR field first ramped on and then ramped back off. This gave results that have almost no similarity to the experiment. First, the classical calculatio ...
... had the same total energy and the same spatial distribution as the initial quantum state. The classical equations of motion were then solved with the IR field first ramped on and then ramped back off. This gave results that have almost no similarity to the experiment. First, the classical calculatio ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.