- Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
... Figure 1 (a) Division of Wolbachia with genetically closed genera within class alpha-proteobacteria: (b) Division of Wolbachia strain into 11 super groups within different host species. 4 Identification and detection of Wolbachia Wolbachia is completely dependent on the cytoplasmic atmosphere of the ...
... Figure 1 (a) Division of Wolbachia with genetically closed genera within class alpha-proteobacteria: (b) Division of Wolbachia strain into 11 super groups within different host species. 4 Identification and detection of Wolbachia Wolbachia is completely dependent on the cytoplasmic atmosphere of the ...
Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Attributes of Virulence
... reproduce and adapt in their hosts into the definition of virulence [15]. Although it has been stated that virulence reflects selection for characteristics that have maximized microbial fitness via transmission [19], there is some controversy as to whether in vivo microbial growth per se is a suffic ...
... reproduce and adapt in their hosts into the definition of virulence [15]. Although it has been stated that virulence reflects selection for characteristics that have maximized microbial fitness via transmission [19], there is some controversy as to whether in vivo microbial growth per se is a suffic ...
Developments in Social Evolution and Virulence in Parasites
... Sociality is ubiquitous throughout the domains of life (Maynard-Smith 1995; West et al. 2007; Bourke 2011). Classically, all social behaviours are categorised according to their impact on the reproductive success of the ‘actor’ and any ‘recipients’ (Figure 1, Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1985). The catego ...
... Sociality is ubiquitous throughout the domains of life (Maynard-Smith 1995; West et al. 2007; Bourke 2011). Classically, all social behaviours are categorised according to their impact on the reproductive success of the ‘actor’ and any ‘recipients’ (Figure 1, Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1985). The catego ...
Location and behavior of dorsal determinants during
... pole (VP), at sites dorsally, ventrally, laterally or dorsolaterally 30° off the vegetal pole (D30°-, V30°-, L30°- and DL30°-sites, respectively), or at sites dorsally, ventrally, laterally or dorsolaterally 60° off the vegetal pole (named D60°-, V60°-, L60°- and DL60°-sites, respectively), as schem ...
... pole (VP), at sites dorsally, ventrally, laterally or dorsolaterally 30° off the vegetal pole (D30°-, V30°-, L30°- and DL30°-sites, respectively), or at sites dorsally, ventrally, laterally or dorsolaterally 60° off the vegetal pole (named D60°-, V60°-, L60°- and DL60°-sites, respectively), as schem ...
Published version - Queen Mary University of London
... their ability to infect a suite of hosts (henceforth termed “host range”). These data were then analyzed to address the following question: are marine cyanophage communities spatially structured with respect to either their taxonomic composition or their host range phenotypes? Although it is not cle ...
... their ability to infect a suite of hosts (henceforth termed “host range”). These data were then analyzed to address the following question: are marine cyanophage communities spatially structured with respect to either their taxonomic composition or their host range phenotypes? Although it is not cle ...
Predation on parasites and its consequences for
... Lambden, Melissa Kean, Amy Le, Hayden Hedman, Clara Boland, and Emily Hannon that I have worked with through the research described here and their own independent projects. I would also like to thank Miranda Redmond, Jazzmin Jenkins and Bryan LaFonte who kept everything in the lab running smoothly. ...
... Lambden, Melissa Kean, Amy Le, Hayden Hedman, Clara Boland, and Emily Hannon that I have worked with through the research described here and their own independent projects. I would also like to thank Miranda Redmond, Jazzmin Jenkins and Bryan LaFonte who kept everything in the lab running smoothly. ...
The role of hyperparasitism in microbial pathogen ecology
... Where hyperparasites shift pathogen virulence away from the ESS we expect resistance evolution to occur. Indeed, there is evidence that pathogen strains can vary in their ability to resist hyperparasite attack in natural populations (Bryner and Rigling, 2011, Parratt and Laine in prep). The evolutio ...
... Where hyperparasites shift pathogen virulence away from the ESS we expect resistance evolution to occur. Indeed, there is evidence that pathogen strains can vary in their ability to resist hyperparasite attack in natural populations (Bryner and Rigling, 2011, Parratt and Laine in prep). The evolutio ...
PDF
... AI pandemic would have occurred. Different from this macroeconomic analysis, Ishida et al. (2006) utilized a demand system approach to examine the impact of both Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and AI on Japanese meat demand. With incorporation of a gradual switching model of structure change ...
... AI pandemic would have occurred. Different from this macroeconomic analysis, Ishida et al. (2006) utilized a demand system approach to examine the impact of both Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and AI on Japanese meat demand. With incorporation of a gradual switching model of structure change ...
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... A highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) has been confirmed in 420 human cases and has caused 257 deaths in the world starting from 2003. Using face-to-face interviews, our data were collected by utilizing a stratified sampling scheme following the distribution of gender and age in th ...
... A highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) has been confirmed in 420 human cases and has caused 257 deaths in the world starting from 2003. Using face-to-face interviews, our data were collected by utilizing a stratified sampling scheme following the distribution of gender and age in th ...
Hazard Identification (Avian Diseases)
... A draft risk analysis was released for public consultation on 21 May 2008. MAF received four submissions from stakeholders and these were analysed in a review of submissions that was also published on 21 October 2008. Since submissions did not raise issues that warranted changing the conclusions pre ...
... A draft risk analysis was released for public consultation on 21 May 2008. MAF received four submissions from stakeholders and these were analysed in a review of submissions that was also published on 21 October 2008. Since submissions did not raise issues that warranted changing the conclusions pre ...
Kurtenbach et al. - The Institute for Environmental Modeling
... B. burgdorferi s.l. are maintained in nature by ixodid (hard) tick species and a broad spectrum of transmission-competent vertebrate hosts (the so-called reservoir hosts that infect ticks), such as rodents, insectivores and several bird species23,24 . A hallmark of the ecology of these spirochaetes ...
... B. burgdorferi s.l. are maintained in nature by ixodid (hard) tick species and a broad spectrum of transmission-competent vertebrate hosts (the so-called reservoir hosts that infect ticks), such as rodents, insectivores and several bird species23,24 . A hallmark of the ecology of these spirochaetes ...
Who acquires infection from whom and how? Disentangling multi
... In diseases with only one host species, the force of infection, defined as the instantaneous hazard or risk experienced by a susceptible individual, is likely to be predominantly dictated by a combination of the number or proportion of infectious individuals in the population (depending on whether t ...
... In diseases with only one host species, the force of infection, defined as the instantaneous hazard or risk experienced by a susceptible individual, is likely to be predominantly dictated by a combination of the number or proportion of infectious individuals in the population (depending on whether t ...
the origin of specificity by means of natural selection
... genetic-distance component to be also present, with more distantly related host populations being less resistant to the pathogen of the source host population. Resistance to human malaria provides a good example for evolved resistance. The high frequency of the sickle-cell alleles in central Africa ...
... genetic-distance component to be also present, with more distantly related host populations being less resistant to the pathogen of the source host population. Resistance to human malaria provides a good example for evolved resistance. The high frequency of the sickle-cell alleles in central Africa ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... interactions between animals and their parasites. Here, we focus on monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) to investigate how host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migra ...
... interactions between animals and their parasites. Here, we focus on monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) to investigate how host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migra ...
Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases
... infective stages in the environment, annual pulses of host births and deaths and changes in host immune defences. Mathematical models and field observations show that the strength and mechanisms of seasonality can alter the spread and persistence of infectious diseases, and that population-level res ...
... infective stages in the environment, annual pulses of host births and deaths and changes in host immune defences. Mathematical models and field observations show that the strength and mechanisms of seasonality can alter the spread and persistence of infectious diseases, and that population-level res ...
Temporal variation in temperature determines disease spread and
... Even limited exposure to a stressful environment can modify host resistance traits [17 – 19] and experimental studies on non-parasite systems show that population dynamics are strongly influenced by fluctuation between permissive and restrictive environmental states [20 – 22]. This work highlights t ...
... Even limited exposure to a stressful environment can modify host resistance traits [17 – 19] and experimental studies on non-parasite systems show that population dynamics are strongly influenced by fluctuation between permissive and restrictive environmental states [20 – 22]. This work highlights t ...
Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
Extinction thresholds in host–parasite dynamics
... The criteria for persistence thresholds are said to be generally more difficult to analyse than those of invasion thresholds (Gubbins et al. 2000). The CCS was first determined theoretically and then confirmed by analyses of epidemiological data. The value of the CCS may be governed by deterministic ...
... The criteria for persistence thresholds are said to be generally more difficult to analyse than those of invasion thresholds (Gubbins et al. 2000). The CCS was first determined theoretically and then confirmed by analyses of epidemiological data. The value of the CCS may be governed by deterministic ...
Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from
... When reading an article on symbiosis, most readers assume they know the definition of all the associated words in the document. This is not the case; even the term “symbiosis” is defined differently by different authors in different fields, by those in different geographic areas, and by those taught ...
... When reading an article on symbiosis, most readers assume they know the definition of all the associated words in the document. This is not the case; even the term “symbiosis” is defined differently by different authors in different fields, by those in different geographic areas, and by those taught ...
Infectious disease agents mediate interaction in food webs and
... also mediate negative and positive interactions between host and non-host species. Within hosts, parasites and pathogens form interaction networks, and may modify each other’s dynamics [45,69,70]. More fieldwork is needed to elucidate such interactions between infectious agents, but effects may be d ...
... also mediate negative and positive interactions between host and non-host species. Within hosts, parasites and pathogens form interaction networks, and may modify each other’s dynamics [45,69,70]. More fieldwork is needed to elucidate such interactions between infectious agents, but effects may be d ...
Infectious disease agents mediate interaction in food webs and
... also mediate negative and positive interactions between host and non-host species. Within hosts, parasites and pathogens form interaction networks, and may modify each other’s dynamics [45,69,70]. More fieldwork is needed to elucidate such interactions between infectious agents, but effects may be d ...
... also mediate negative and positive interactions between host and non-host species. Within hosts, parasites and pathogens form interaction networks, and may modify each other’s dynamics [45,69,70]. More fieldwork is needed to elucidate such interactions between infectious agents, but effects may be d ...
APPARENT COMPETITION AND VECTOR–HOST
... state of emergent specialization on the host (or hosts) best able to resist infection (either through heightened immune defences, lower parasite-induced mortality, or higher host birth rates). If the natural enemy can be maintained at sufficient levels, it can severely affect host species and exclud ...
... state of emergent specialization on the host (or hosts) best able to resist infection (either through heightened immune defences, lower parasite-induced mortality, or higher host birth rates). If the natural enemy can be maintained at sufficient levels, it can severely affect host species and exclud ...
serological status of egg drop syndrome
... virus in breeders and commercial layers in Mansehra district. A total of 50 flocks including broiler breeder (30), layer breeder (10) and commercial layers (10) were surveyed from September, 2002 to March, 2003. Paired serum samples were collected at random from 20 birds in each flock at fortnight i ...
... virus in breeders and commercial layers in Mansehra district. A total of 50 flocks including broiler breeder (30), layer breeder (10) and commercial layers (10) were surveyed from September, 2002 to March, 2003. Paired serum samples were collected at random from 20 birds in each flock at fortnight i ...
Mechanisms of disease
... diseases attacking small (endemic or endangered) populations, or the presence of Allee effects (negative growth rate of populations at low densities, potentially caused by a variety of social, behavioural, or genetic factors). Lack of genetic variability, often caused by population bottlenecks, can ...
... diseases attacking small (endemic or endangered) populations, or the presence of Allee effects (negative growth rate of populations at low densities, potentially caused by a variety of social, behavioural, or genetic factors). Lack of genetic variability, often caused by population bottlenecks, can ...
Brood parasite
Brood parasites are organisms that rely on others to raise their young. The strategy appears among insects, fishes, and birds. The brood parasite manipulates a host, either of the same or of another species, to raise its young as if it were its own.Brood parasitism relieves the parasitic parents from the investment of rearing young or building nests for the young, enabling them to spend more time on other activities such as foraging and producing further offspring. Bird parasite species mitigate the risk of egg loss by distributing eggs amongst a number of different hosts. As this behaviour damages the host, it often results in an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host.