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Unit 4 Network Theorems II 1. Thevenin`s theorem
Unit 4 Network Theorems II 1. Thevenin`s theorem

... According to Thevenin’s theorem, the linear circuit of Fig. 3.30 can be replaced by the one shown in Fig.1 (The load resistor may be a single resistor or another circuit). The circuit to the left of the terminals x-y in Fig.1 is known as the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. The Thevenin’s theorem may ...
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... introduction through the last models. This same circuit was varied a little within the amp for special features - “Normal” versus “Brilliant” versus “Bass” for instance – and more or less of the circuits were used in different amps. Only in the final year of issue – the V11n3 models – did the basic ...
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... noise source and EMI antenna. The increased impedance of a finite reference (ground) plane in a printed circuit board (PCB) results in a currentdriven noise source, which may drive the EMI antenna [1], [2]. In circuit design, slits (or gaps) are often used in ground planes, which is needed to isolate ...
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Printed circuit board



A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate upon which the vast majority of rigid PCBs are produced. A thin layer of copper foil is laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 panel. Circuitry interconnections are etched into copper layers to produce printed circuit boards. Complex circuits are produced in multiple layers. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated.When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components, it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.The world market for bare PCBs reached nearly $60 billion in 2012.
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