Intrinsic electrical transport properties of monolayer silicene and
... Very recently, the attention to low-dimensional materials has expanded beyond the best-known example of this kind: graphene.1–4 In particular, silicene5–8 and molybdenum disulfide9–12 have gained much interest due to their unique properties in electronics, optoelectronics, and magnetics. Silicene is ...
... Very recently, the attention to low-dimensional materials has expanded beyond the best-known example of this kind: graphene.1–4 In particular, silicene5–8 and molybdenum disulfide9–12 have gained much interest due to their unique properties in electronics, optoelectronics, and magnetics. Silicene is ...
Combining Photonic Crystal and Optical Monte
... Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are a powerful tool to study the propagation of scintillation photons in PET detectors using ray tracing algorithms based on geometric optics [1]–[3], [12]. Since these techniques are not capable of computing the diffractive effects of PhCs, an additional tool is require ...
... Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are a powerful tool to study the propagation of scintillation photons in PET detectors using ray tracing algorithms based on geometric optics [1]–[3], [12]. Since these techniques are not capable of computing the diffractive effects of PhCs, an additional tool is require ...
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times (i.e., 160 dB), in multiple dynode stages, enabling (for example) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is very low. Unlike most vacuum tubes, they are not obsolete.The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency response or, equivalently, ultra-fast response, and large area of collection has maintained photomultipliers an essential place in nuclear and particle physics, astronomy, medical diagnostics including blood tests, medical imaging, motion picture film scanning (telecine), radar jamming, and high-end image scanners known as drum scanners. Elements of photomultiplier technology, when integrated differently, are the basis of night vision devices.Semiconductor devices, particularly avalanche photodiodes, are alternatives to photomultipliers; however, photomultipliers are uniquely well-suited for applications requiring low-noise, high-sensitivity detection of light that is imperfectly collimated.