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... being obvious which of the two nouns is to be considered the head of the construction. Section 4.1 will discuss noun phrases of the type een paar boeken ‘a couple of books’, in which two nouns may occur adjacently, without an intervening preposition. Section 4.2 will discuss binominal constructions ...
1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding
1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding

... stress in isolation may differ from that when such words are pronounced in sentence context. Spencer (2003) notes as well that stress can occasionally be used to distinguish between different readings of the same combination of constituents: for example ’toy factory is probably a factory where toys ...
scenario - SIL International
scenario - SIL International

... applied to our understanding of specific languages, and to the task of translation. Section 1 documents the theory of scenarios, how people store, categorize, and access information in the brain, and demonstrates how these mental scenarios are reflected in the grammar and lexicon of texts. It shows ...
Theory and method in grammaticalization
Theory and method in grammaticalization

... The following discussion presupposes the concept of grammaticalization. Although definitions of grammaticalization are not wanting (cf. Campbell & Janda 2001, section 2), most of them are propaedeutic rather than formal. For present purposes, the definition in P1 should suffice: P1. Grammaticalizati ...
SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

... distinguished by a special mark in the transliterations of the present treatise, though it is impossible to attempt any such differentiation in the Arabic characters to which the Ottoman language is wedded. The rules of euphony regulate the pronunciation of every word in the Ottoman language; perfec ...
Copula Variation in African American Vernacular English:  an investigation... individual- and stage-level predicate hypothesis
Copula Variation in African American Vernacular English: an investigation... individual- and stage-level predicate hypothesis

... extension of a process already found in SE. In his study, Labov described another patterning in copula variation in AA VE, which we consider the inspiration for this work. In considering the distribution of the full, contracted, and null forms of the copula, Labov concluded that the copula is likely ...
Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern
Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern

... her lobbying behind the scenes, for her hospitality on the weekends, for teaching me her mother tongue Dolgan and for opening the way to the Dolgan community. Special thanks are due to the supervisors of the underlying thesis, Tiit-Rein Viitso (Tartu) and Ulrike Mosel (Kiel). Ein herzliches Dankesch ...
Lesson I
Lesson I

... Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs Pronouns Numerals Classified Vocabulary Latin - English Vocabulary English - Latin Vocabulary Index ...
Language Arts - Marshall County High School
Language Arts - Marshall County High School

... Dictionary and thesaurus skills are enhanced through vocabulary exercises that include word recognition skills, multiple meaning words, synonyms, antonyms, connotation and denotation, Latin and Greek root words, prefixes and suffixes, foreign terms and phrases, core vocabulary words, and special voc ...
Nominative Personal Pronouns and Some
Nominative Personal Pronouns and Some

... In some of these passages ego is also juxtaposed with tibi or a demonstrative; ego is often alongside an oblique-case form of tu (see below, p. 108). The focus is on the future-tense verbs, and ego has no real contrastive emphasis of the type seen in (2)-(3), but collocations such as ego tibi may be ...
Georgian A Learner`s Grammar
Georgian A Learner`s Grammar

... This is the second edition of Georgian: A Learner’s Grammar, which was initially prepared as Georgia was emerging from seventy years of Soviet rule and taking its first tentative steps along the far from rosy path to independence. Much has changed in the meantime, such as the shift in currency from t ...
Oriented Adverbs - Universität Tübingen
Oriented Adverbs - Universität Tübingen

... What is the connection, in the above example, between a person's property of being careful and the property of events with the same name? Alternations of this kind are extremely pervasive and entirely regular, so one must suspect that there is something about the underlying lexical meaning of adject ...
Part-of-Speech Tagging and Partial Parsing for Irish using Finite-State Transducers and Constraint Grammar
Part-of-Speech Tagging and Partial Parsing for Irish using Finite-State Transducers and Constraint Grammar

... assign at least one morphological analysis to all tokens in unrestricted texts. Following this, we describe our POS tagger for Irish, implemented using Constraint Grammar Disambiguation Rules, and vislcg2 software. The POS tagger currently achieves an f-score of 95% on development data and 94.35% on ...
Conjunctions as Heads
Conjunctions as Heads

... 3.2.6.2. Empty conjunctions In spite of the difficulty of eliding anything but non-heads, assumed to be the conjuncts rather than the conjunctions, there is ample evidence of empty conjunctions (resulting in what is often called asyndetic coordination) in various languages. Here, I will provide evid ...
This is a reformatted version of the original
This is a reformatted version of the original

... users' queries could be used to improve document retrieval results in comparison to using just term matching without considering relations. An automatic method for identifying and extracting cause-effect information in Wall Street Journal text was developed. The method uses linguistic clues to ident ...
The Grammar of English Grammars
The Grammar of English Grammars

... language is constructed, if not to be constantly present to the mind, at least to pass through it more rapidly than either pen or voice can utter words. And where this power resides, there cannot but be a proportionate degree of critical skill, or of ability to judge of the language of others. Prese ...
chris_khoo.PhD_thesi
chris_khoo.PhD_thesi

... users' queries could be used to improve document retrieval results in comparison to using just term matching without considering relations. An automatic method for identifying and extracting cause-effect information in Wall Street Journal text was developed. The method uses linguistic clues to ident ...
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

... and mastery of its use without recourse to additional textbooks, readers, etc. In other words, this one volume affords as complete a knowledge of Esperanto as several years' study of a grammar and various readers will accomplish for any national language. Inflection, word-formation and syntax are pr ...
Complex Word-Formation and the Morphology-Syntax Interface
Complex Word-Formation and the Morphology-Syntax Interface

... to explain the existence of compounds (among other structures) in the morphological component. The competition model is applied to English and Romance (Catalan and Spanish) compounds, and the conclusion is that most of the data can be accounted for, provided a semantic constraint assumed in the mode ...
Complex Word-Formation and the Morphology
Complex Word-Formation and the Morphology

... to explain the existence of compounds (among other structures) in the morphological component. The competition model is applied to English and Romance (Catalan and Spanish) compounds, and the conclusion is that most of the data can be accounted for, provided a semantic constraint assumed in the mode ...
COMPLEMENT VERB VARIATION IN PRESENT
COMPLEMENT VERB VARIATION IN PRESENT

... Strictly synchronically speaking, with verbs, nouns, and adjectives as heads of matrix clauses in a sentence, standard Serbian syntax allows for variation between a non-finite complement – that is, a complement headed by a verb not inflected for tense, grammatical person and number – and a finite co ...
grammar of esperanto dr. ll zamenhof
grammar of esperanto dr. ll zamenhof

... genuine understanding of the language and mastery of its use without recourse to additional textbooks, readers, etc. In other words, this one volume affords as complete a ...
ON THE SYNTAX OF PARTICIPIAL MODIFIERS*
ON THE SYNTAX OF PARTICIPIAL MODIFIERS*

... distribution of participles. The verbal features of the participle originate in the verbal head and in the functional heads which form its extended projection. 2.2.2. TYPES OF PARTICIPIAL MODIFIERS. Participial modifiers can be distinguished on the basis of their structural complexity into lexical, ...
French Language Studies – Grammar Reference Resource
French Language Studies – Grammar Reference Resource

... indefinite determiners................................................................................................................................................... 29 Adverbs ....................................................................................................................... ...
some grammatical properties of samoan kin terms
some grammatical properties of samoan kin terms

... masculine gender noun phrase nominalizing suffix direct object past tense plural possessive marker (indicating the possessor) prepositional phrase presentative case progressive present tense/aspect proprial marker perfective aspect question marker reflexive subject singular specific reference subcla ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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