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The Problematic Use of Infinitive in English
The Problematic Use of Infinitive in English

... complement. To be used out of the context depending on the grammar-based rules, the infinitive, paying much more attention on the use of the full- infinitive, represents an error of verb complementation. Memorizing lists of verbs with their verb complementation as a before and after relation, even t ...
english handbook
english handbook

... Once again, a “simple” tense is also available in the continuous form. The only difference, again, from the previous tense, is the emphasis again on duration, on an event going on for some time. It is the difference between a one-off, and a period of time, or visually between a line, and a cross int ...
Noun Class Prefix Questionnaire – version 1.3
Noun Class Prefix Questionnaire – version 1.3

... all or some of the nouns in that class. For example, some class 5 nouns in Venda seem to have no prefix instead of the regular class 5 prefix li-, e.g. fobvu “thief” (plural mafobvu in class 6). In such cases you may list Ø as (a variant of) the class prefix in the paradigm. This situation should be ...
Identifying Fragments and Clauses
Identifying Fragments and Clauses

... conscious of faulty sentences because they reflect normal conversation and its structure. Let's examine this concept by looking at the origin of these errors. More information about gerunds can be found in "Identifying Nouns and Adjectives" and in "Identifying Infinitives and Participles as Subjects ...
The translation of -ing nominal constructions into Spanish: a
The translation of -ing nominal constructions into Spanish: a

... and the present participle of the verbal paradigm. In the evolution of the language the -ing verbal form took over the functions of the original gerund, along with its own functions as an adjective and as a verb, resulting in a multifunctional resource. On the one hand, the -ing ending is fairly pro ...
doc
doc

... all or some of the nouns in that class. For example, some class 5 nouns in Venda seem to have no prefix instead of the regular class 5 prefix li-, e.g. fobvu “thief” (plural mafobvu in class 6). In such cases you may list Ø as (a variant of) the class prefix in the paradigm. This situation should be ...
FDTL Reading Session Sentence pattern and function word
FDTL Reading Session Sentence pattern and function word

... won’t know each other is a conditional sentence. The meaning is still clear even without the function words 要 是 and 就 because the sentence has a natural break point. A five-syllable sentence with phrases of two against three is regarded as a desirable sentence pattern. Sayings and slogans are often ...
Sentence Types: Lesson 1 There are four different sentence types: 1
Sentence Types: Lesson 1 There are four different sentence types: 1

... action, or a helping verb. Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and all the words between the preposition and the noun. The lecture was over. The Colorado River travels through many western states. ...
Chapter 6*Case and Agreement
Chapter 6*Case and Agreement

... a man; don’t call him she), and it needs to match in terms of number (John is one person; don’t call him they). Singular Indefinite Pronouns Everyone someone anyone Everybody somebody anybody Each either neither ...
large lexicons for natural language processing
large lexicons for natural language processing

... very comprehensive grammars (eg. Robinson, 1982; Bobrow, 1978) consult relatively small lexicons, typically generated by hand. Two exceptions to this generalisation are the Linguistic String Project (Sager, 1981) and the IBM CRITIQUE (formerly EPISTLE) Project (Heidorn et al., 1982; Byrd, 1983); the ...
Correct Pronoun Usage
Correct Pronoun Usage

... > NOTE It is now acceptable to use the form It's me in informal usage. The plural form (It's us) is also generally accepted, but using the objective case for the third person form of the pronoun (It's him, It's them) is widely considered to be unacceptable in writing. When you see any of these forms ...
1 In Press, Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Discourse
1 In Press, Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Discourse

... They are situation entities introduced by verb constellations in clausal complements of certain predicates. Clausal complements referring to facts and propositions have characteristic distributional and other linguistic features, and thus - like the other classes of situation entities - function as ...
Definite Clause Grammars - School of Computer Science
Definite Clause Grammars - School of Computer Science

... Can add arguments to the category symbols (np, det, etc.) so as to – Build syntax trees, i.e. do parsing, not just recognition – Include “grammatical categories” (used to enforce constraints such as agreement) ...
Types of Phrases Notes
Types of Phrases Notes

... adjective, or adverb. Remember---to + verb. Ex. To lie is dishonorable. Their orders were to retreat. Infinitive phrase: an infinitive with its modifiers. Ex. We hope to climb the mountain by nightfall. ...
Arthur Holmer
Arthur Holmer

... dissociations depend on the fact that Tense values are inherently underspecified (Tense Underspecification Hypothesis: TUH). A reason for this underspecification would be that Tense establishes a relation between event time and the speech act itself, while agreement only establishes a relation withi ...
Lexical insertion, inflection, and derivation
Lexical insertion, inflection, and derivation

... It has frequently been noted that misplaced words usually substitute for words of the same syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective). This word class phenomenon also held true in Meringer's corpus of word substitutions: speakers almost invariably substituted words of the same syntactic category. Bu ...
Lecture 9 - Studentportalen
Lecture 9 - Studentportalen

... special case (see separate slides below) ...
Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Esperanto language
Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Esperanto language

... Around 75% of words come from the Romance languages (such as Italian, French, Spanish), about 20% from the Germanic languages (such as German, English, Swedish) and approximately 5% from other languages like Russian and Polish. The grammar is not so European, since parts of it resemble features foun ...
G/W2 ajb Passive Voice Passive voice sentences are often used in
G/W2 ajb Passive Voice Passive voice sentences are often used in

... Passive voice sentences are often used in process writing because they focus on the result of the process not on the person who does it. ...
Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Clauses
Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Clauses

... Unfamiliar and complex-sounding grammatical terms can often intimidate people. However once you get used to the vocabulary, talking about and understanding grammar becomes easier. A clause is a group of words consisting of a noun and a verb which may or may not be a complete sentence. Often, a claus ...
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns

... The pronoun “everyone” does not have an antecedent because it is unclear who they are talking about. Practice pg. 303 ex. 13 (old book) ...
Name that Verb
Name that Verb

... There are different types of verbs. Some show action, and some don’t. ...
A NooJ Grammar of the French Nucleus Verb Phrase
A NooJ Grammar of the French Nucleus Verb Phrase

... To navigate the various graphs of the grammar, while the grammar window is selected, select GRAMMAR > Show structure. To see the “contract” of the grammar, i.e. a set of grammatical and ungrammatical strings it should or should not parse: while the grammar window is selected, select GRAMMAR > Show c ...
Kraken LATIN 1
Kraken LATIN 1

... How to Use This Book Welcome to Kraken Latin for the Logic Years 1. Does the world really need another Latin book? In the last decade or so, the study of Latin has grown in popularity, and there are actually quite a few curricula floating about. Since you are reading this introduction, I assume that ...
a Brazilian treebank annotated with semantic role labels
a Brazilian treebank annotated with semantic role labels

... proposition. In Portuguese, these verbs occur at left of the main verb in a verbal chain. To meet this need, we made a study on auxiliary verbs and built a table which encompasses temporal, aspectual, modal and passive voice auxiliaries. To distinguish the auxiliary use from the full verb use, the t ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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