A Short Descriptive Grammar of the Svan Language
... 0.2. Dialects. Most linguists distinguish four Svan dialects, these being: (1) Upper Bal [Geo. balszemouri, i.e. upriver from the Bal pass], spoken in a succession of communities, from Lat’al to Ushgul, along the upper Enguri and its adjoining rivers. This being the only part of Svaneti not subjecte ...
... 0.2. Dialects. Most linguists distinguish four Svan dialects, these being: (1) Upper Bal [Geo. balszemouri, i.e. upriver from the Bal pass], spoken in a succession of communities, from Lat’al to Ushgul, along the upper Enguri and its adjoining rivers. This being the only part of Svaneti not subjecte ...
Armenian. Modern Eastern Armenian
... and plain voiceless stops although a number of dialects have substituted ejectives (glottalised stops) for the latter. The noun has five cases, the dative incorporating the functions of a genitive and, in the case of human definite referents, also marking the direct object. Demonstrative pronouns ha ...
... and plain voiceless stops although a number of dialects have substituted ejectives (glottalised stops) for the latter. The noun has five cases, the dative incorporating the functions of a genitive and, in the case of human definite referents, also marking the direct object. Demonstrative pronouns ha ...
Introduction to Tocharian - Ústav srovnávací jazykovědy
... 1.1.2. Who were the Tocharians? The speakers of Tocharian played an important role in the Buddhist civilization of preIslamic eastern Central Asia, but their exact identity remains unknown. The name “Tocharian” rests mainly on the form twɣry in an Old Uyghur colophon, but both the reading and the i ...
... 1.1.2. Who were the Tocharians? The speakers of Tocharian played an important role in the Buddhist civilization of preIslamic eastern Central Asia, but their exact identity remains unknown. The name “Tocharian” rests mainly on the form twɣry in an Old Uyghur colophon, but both the reading and the i ...
DESIGNING SYNTACTIC REPRESENTATIONS FOR NLP: AN
... NLP systems are ultimately built to serve the complex purposes of human users, performing such tasks as summarization, translation, or search. In order to perform these end-goal tasks, systems leverage different layers of linguistic information. The path from raw language data to the final output of ...
... NLP systems are ultimately built to serve the complex purposes of human users, performing such tasks as summarization, translation, or search. In order to perform these end-goal tasks, systems leverage different layers of linguistic information. The path from raw language data to the final output of ...
Public Coercive Power of the Greek Polis: On a Recent Debate
... Berent’s argument is based on the absence of public coercive apparatus in the Greek polis, one of the key topics in the debate is, inevitably, about whether Hansen (2002), the main target of which is Berent (1996). Hansen (2002)26. In the following text, I quote this article by page numbers. 9 After ...
... Berent’s argument is based on the absence of public coercive apparatus in the Greek polis, one of the key topics in the debate is, inevitably, about whether Hansen (2002), the main target of which is Berent (1996). Hansen (2002)26. In the following text, I quote this article by page numbers. 9 After ...
Jita Narrative Discourse
... eight narrators and used with their permission. The texts have been lightly edited to remove false starts and other performance errors, but otherwise retain features (such as repetitions and longer sentences) that are particular to the medium. The texts are referred to here by an abbreviated title, ...
... eight narrators and used with their permission. The texts have been lightly edited to remove false starts and other performance errors, but otherwise retain features (such as repetitions and longer sentences) that are particular to the medium. The texts are referred to here by an abbreviated title, ...
Martina Mašková - Univerzita Karlova
... tenses; 3) they express grammatical concord between the subject and the predicate; 4) they contain, as their first or only word, a finite verb form, either as an operator or a simple present or past form; and 5) finite verb phrases have mood. On this scale, the indicative mood represents the most fi ...
... tenses; 3) they express grammatical concord between the subject and the predicate; 4) they contain, as their first or only word, a finite verb form, either as an operator or a simple present or past form; and 5) finite verb phrases have mood. On this scale, the indicative mood represents the most fi ...
The syntax and semantics of internally headed relative clauses in
... 2003; Boyle 2007). One aspect of Hidatsa that is of particular interest is the structure of its relative clauses. Like many other Siouan languages (see Drummond 1976 and Cumberland 2005 (Assiniboine); Williamson 1987 and Rood & Taylor 1996 (Lakota); Quintero 2004 (Osage), and Graczyk 1991, 2007 (Cro ...
... 2003; Boyle 2007). One aspect of Hidatsa that is of particular interest is the structure of its relative clauses. Like many other Siouan languages (see Drummond 1976 and Cumberland 2005 (Assiniboine); Williamson 1987 and Rood & Taylor 1996 (Lakota); Quintero 2004 (Osage), and Graczyk 1991, 2007 (Cro ...
Chapter ? Binding by Verbs: Tense, Person and Mood under Attitudes*
... mood in subordinate constructions, notably under attitudes. The theory adopted here is a slight modification of the system proposed in Schlenker’s dissertation (Schlenker, 1999). Recently, Schlenker has proposed other variants of his theory ((Schlenker, 2001a), (Schlenker, 2001c)), which do not work ...
... mood in subordinate constructions, notably under attitudes. The theory adopted here is a slight modification of the system proposed in Schlenker’s dissertation (Schlenker, 1999). Recently, Schlenker has proposed other variants of his theory ((Schlenker, 2001a), (Schlenker, 2001c)), which do not work ...
Morphological contrastive analysis of adverbs in English
... 2. Classification of adverbs in English language As in many other languages, in English, too, the parts of speech are large classes to which the words of many different languages are supposed to belong. The basic classification of parts of speech consists of eight parts: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adje ...
... 2. Classification of adverbs in English language As in many other languages, in English, too, the parts of speech are large classes to which the words of many different languages are supposed to belong. The basic classification of parts of speech consists of eight parts: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adje ...
Ellipsis in Farsi Complex Predicates
... My second aim is to show that v-stranding VPE, despite showing surface differences with English VPE, does not differ significantly in its licensing requirements. Just like English VPE, v-stranding VPE requires: 1) the presence of an overt, tense inflecting head (Zagona 1982, Lobeck 1995), and 2) the s ...
... My second aim is to show that v-stranding VPE, despite showing surface differences with English VPE, does not differ significantly in its licensing requirements. Just like English VPE, v-stranding VPE requires: 1) the presence of an overt, tense inflecting head (Zagona 1982, Lobeck 1995), and 2) the s ...
Classification of subordinate clauses
... sentences are normally divided into: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory. So, it is a matter of the fundamental attitude which the speaker/writer adopts towards his/her communication. R. Quirk et al (1972: 387), as well as other linguists, consider that any communication – even st ...
... sentences are normally divided into: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory. So, it is a matter of the fundamental attitude which the speaker/writer adopts towards his/her communication. R. Quirk et al (1972: 387), as well as other linguists, consider that any communication – even st ...
the nature and classification of idioms
... association with the original meaning of the individual words. Here are some examples: to tell someone where to get off, to bring the house down, to take it out on someone. The learner will have great difficulty here unless he has heard the idioms before. Even when they are used in context, it is no ...
... association with the original meaning of the individual words. Here are some examples: to tell someone where to get off, to bring the house down, to take it out on someone. The learner will have great difficulty here unless he has heard the idioms before. Even when they are used in context, it is no ...
10. - Universität Erfurt
... according to the following criteria. The possessive relationship may be used to refer to one of its members, or it may be predicated on one of them. In both cases, it may be used to characterize either the possessor or the possessum. Furthermore, there is a type of situation which itself is non-poss ...
... according to the following criteria. The possessive relationship may be used to refer to one of its members, or it may be predicated on one of them. In both cases, it may be used to characterize either the possessor or the possessum. Furthermore, there is a type of situation which itself is non-poss ...
Non-finites in North Saami - Suomalais
... both as a discipline and a profession—without having heard the most lucid and stimulating lectures by Esa Itkonen at the University of Turku beginning with my first-year studies in general linguistics in 1995. In the same vein, while it may well seem possible for non-native scholars of North Saami t ...
... both as a discipline and a profession—without having heard the most lucid and stimulating lectures by Esa Itkonen at the University of Turku beginning with my first-year studies in general linguistics in 1995. In the same vein, while it may well seem possible for non-native scholars of North Saami t ...
Lessons, Exercises, and Readings in the Writer`s
... They also seek to address the social relevance of language, how it determines relationships among people, and how it is used to foster a culture. Grammar focuses on how a language is organized, or coded. For the purposes of this class, grammar includes punctuation and style. The rules of grammar, pu ...
... They also seek to address the social relevance of language, how it determines relationships among people, and how it is used to foster a culture. Grammar focuses on how a language is organized, or coded. For the purposes of this class, grammar includes punctuation and style. The rules of grammar, pu ...
FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE NOUN PHRASE
... limit the scene, but in a less general and therefore more specific way than arti cles. ...
... limit the scene, but in a less general and therefore more specific way than arti cles. ...
On Comparative Suppletion
... despite suppletion in the comparative migliore ‘better’. In other words, it turns out that the morphological difference tracks the semantic one. The argument from suppletion is that the superlative properly contains the comparative, but this argument is applicable only to those superlatives that pl ...
... despite suppletion in the comparative migliore ‘better’. In other words, it turns out that the morphological difference tracks the semantic one. The argument from suppletion is that the superlative properly contains the comparative, but this argument is applicable only to those superlatives that pl ...
COMPLEX SENTENCES AN ANALYTICAL GRAMMAR
... Pronouns or clause introducers?........................................................35 relative pronouns as subjects and objects..............................................36 omission of relative pronouns...........................................................37 position of adjective clauses ...
... Pronouns or clause introducers?........................................................35 relative pronouns as subjects and objects..............................................36 omission of relative pronouns...........................................................37 position of adjective clauses ...
World Literature
... the world. By the fifth century b.c., history’s first democratic government had taken hold there. Free Athenian men spent much of their time in public outdoor spaces, discussing philosophy and politics. Wealth from nearby silver mines, from other cities paying tribute, and from trade allowed Athenia ...
... the world. By the fifth century b.c., history’s first democratic government had taken hold there. Free Athenian men spent much of their time in public outdoor spaces, discussing philosophy and politics. Wealth from nearby silver mines, from other cities paying tribute, and from trade allowed Athenia ...
Cross-linguistic patterns in the structure, function and position of
... Hetterle ), the positional patterns of complement clauses have not yet been examined in comparable detail. All previous studies are limited in their choice of languages, analytical parameters and overall scope. Dryer (), for example, provides qualitative evidence from about languages for ...
... Hetterle ), the positional patterns of complement clauses have not yet been examined in comparable detail. All previous studies are limited in their choice of languages, analytical parameters and overall scope. Dryer (), for example, provides qualitative evidence from about languages for ...
Introducing Arguments - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
... desiderative elative feminine focus future tense final vowel genitive inessive infinitive locative masculine nominative object marker partitive passive past tense plural plain (level of formality in the Korean honorific system) present tense reciprocal reversive singular subject prefix stative topic ...
... desiderative elative feminine focus future tense final vowel genitive inessive infinitive locative masculine nominative object marker partitive passive past tense plural plain (level of formality in the Korean honorific system) present tense reciprocal reversive singular subject prefix stative topic ...
writeup - Courses
... performing the action thoroughly, or alone, or until completion, e.g.: "Policy makers regard the youth wage as helping to limit the loss of jobs from an increase in the minimum wage , but they have lately touted it as necessary to help impart job skills to entrants into the work force ." The subject ...
... performing the action thoroughly, or alone, or until completion, e.g.: "Policy makers regard the youth wage as helping to limit the loss of jobs from an increase in the minimum wage , but they have lately touted it as necessary to help impart job skills to entrants into the work force ." The subject ...
Structure Section
... Distributed in the United States by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG Sweden Books for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia Publishing Corporation Pty. Ltd. for Australia ...
... Distributed in the United States by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG Sweden Books for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia Publishing Corporation Pty. Ltd. for Australia ...
Part II: A Close Look at Parts of Speech
... Dealing with the definite article “the” .........................................................................26 Saying “a” or “an” in Italian: Indefinite articles ..........................................................27 Distinguishing between Masculine and Feminine Nouns..................... ...
... Dealing with the definite article “the” .........................................................................26 Saying “a” or “an” in Italian: Indefinite articles ..........................................................27 Distinguishing between Masculine and Feminine Nouns..................... ...