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Lecture 11
Lecture 11

2008. Lecture 11 (361-1
2008. Lecture 11 (361-1

... output resistance, about 26  at IE=1 mA. However, compared to a lower than 1  series resistance of the inductor, it is still too high. Of course, it will be low enough at IE=100 mA, but it is too much of power consumption.) In a general case, the small-signal voltage gains of these amplifiers are ...
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... Description: A decrease of the normal voltage level between 10 and 90% of the nominal rms voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0,5 cycle to 1 minute. Causes: Faults on the transmission or distribution network (most of the times on parallel feeders). Faults in consumer’s installation. Con ...
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... voltages [2,3,9–15]. This power supply is based on a system of voltage and frequency static converters (loaded on the vehicle), consisting of a machine-side converter and a contact line-side converter. During railway vehicle operation, braking systems have the same importance as traction systems. Th ...
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... load. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop 150% of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50% of its rated current from the mains in the low speed range. A VFD can be adjusted to produce a steady 150% starting torque from standstill right up to full speed. However, m ...
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Utility frequency



The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user. In large parts of the world this is 50 Hz, although in the Americas and parts of Asia it is typically 60 Hz. Current usage by country or region is given in the list of mains power around the world.During the development of commercial electric power systems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many different frequencies (and voltages) had been used. Large investment in equipment at one frequency made standardization a slow process. However, as of the turn of the 21st century, places that now use the 50 Hz frequency tend to use 220–240 V, and those that now use 60 Hz tend to use 100–127 V. Both frequencies coexist today (Japan uses both) with no great technical reason to prefer one over the other and no apparent desire for complete worldwide standardization.Unless specified by the manufacturer to operate on both 50 and 60 Hz, appliances may not operate efficiently or even safely if used on anything other than the intended frequency.
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